迈向机会平等之路:劳动力市场性别差距演变经济分析进展——2023年度诺贝尔经济学奖得主主要经济理论贡献述评  

Towards Opportunity Equality:Progress in Economic Analysis of Evolution of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market——A Review of Main Contributions by 2023 Nobel Economics Laureate

作　　者：李宝良[1] 郭其友[2] 郑文智[3] Li Baoliang;Guo Qiyou;Zheng Wenzhi(School of Economics and Finance,Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,China;School of Economics,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China;Bussiness School of Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,China)

机构地区：[1]华侨大学经济与金融学院 [2]厦门大学经济学院 [3]华侨大学工商管理学院

出　　处：《外国经济与管理》2023年第11期138-152,共15页Foreign Economics & Management

摘　　要：著名女性经济学家克劳迪娅·戈尔丁因“推进了我们对女性劳动力市场结果的理解”荣膺2023年度诺贝尔经济学奖。戈尔丁研究了美国200多年劳动力市场性别差距发展演变及其主要驱动因素,对经济理论的发展做出了如下贡献:第一,戈尔丁延续了福格尔计量经济史学的研究,并采用现代计量方法使研究更具可信性,这是对福格尔计量经济史学精神的继承和发展;第二,戈尔丁突破了“性别歧视”的固有思维,发展了以女性为中心的经济分析框架,对影响女性劳动力供给与需求的因素进行连贯的经济分析,这是对贝克尔家庭论和歧视经济学的拓展和完善;第三,戈尔丁提出了队列分析法探讨女性劳动力市场的代际演变,对经济研究方法作出了独创性贡献。戈尔丁的研究有助于人们理解女性争取参与劳动力市场和获得收入平等机会的艰难历程。但是,戈尔丁提出的解决收入性别差距的建议有可能导致员工在与雇主谈判时处于弱势地位且面临随时被替代的风险,其效果值得商榷。此外,戈尔丁的研究较少规范分析,且涉及的大多是长期因素,这对政策制定者是一种挑战。然而,戈尔丁的研究指向了“机会平等”这一现代社会发展原则和理念,对相关制度建设具有普遍的导向价值。Famous female economist Claudia Goldin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2023 for having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes.Goldin's most important work is to trace the evolution of gender gaps in the labor market in the United States over the past 200 years since 1790 through the excavation of a large number of historical archives,clarify the key facts behind the evolution of gender gaps in the labor market,and analyze the main driving factors behind these key facts in combination with history and family economics.During this process,Goldin also makes contributions to the development of economic theory.First of all,Goldin inherits the spirit of Fogel's econometric history and adopts modern econometric methods such as the DID method to conduct more credible empirical study on the driving factors of the female labor market,which fosters the research and development of Fogel's econometric history.In addition,Goldin breaks through the inherent thinking based on“gender discrimination”and develops an economic analysis framework to analyze various factors that affect the supply and demand of female labor in a coherent manner.This is an extension and improvement of Becker's family theory and discrimination economics.Last but not least,Goldin proposes the cohort approach to explore the intergenerational evolution of the female labor market,demonstrating the cohort effect of changing expectation and the introduction of contraceptives on the increase of female labor force participation in the 20th century.This is Goldin's original contribution to economic research methods.Goldin's contributions help to understand the difficult balance between career and family for women over the past century.The main suggestion put forward by Goldin regarding the current gender income gap is to address it by making work schedules more flexible and improving substitutability among employees through job design.However,the effectiveness of this suggestion is worth discussing for it may lead to increased

关 键 词：克劳迪娅·戈尔丁 女性劳动力市场 性别经济学 女性经济史 劳动力市场性别差距 家庭经济学 

分 类 号：F270[经济管理—企业管理]