精神与自由  

Analysis on the Essence of Humanities:Spirit and Freedom

作　　者：江畅[1] 李累 JIANG Chang;LI Lei

机构地区：[1]湖北大学哲学学院,湖北武汉430062

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期1-11,175,共12页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期重点资助项目“哲学三部曲:本体论、知识论、价值论(全三卷)”(23FZXA001)。

摘　　要：亚里士多德的“人是理性动物”命题把人理解为动物本来就有其局限,而西方近代以来的哲学家进一步将理性视为人的唯一本质则问题更大。从宇宙演化和生物进化的角度看,人类本性就在于人类性,其基本含义就是谋求生存得更好,包含生存需要、发展需要和精神需要的不断满足。精神需要被开发出来并得到满足,人就具有了精神性,也就获得了超越性和自由。这种精神性才是人类本性之所在,也是人的本然本质和应然本质,它使人成为高于动物的精神物种、自由物种。精神是高级自我意识的产物或体现,主导观念、最高理想和基本信念是其中的核心要素。精神是人的超越性和自由的根基,自由是精神追求的目的和结果,而精神状况通过自由来展现或彰显。精神所达到的境界决定着人的自由程度,人要获得更多更大的自由,必须不断提升自己的精神境界。精神之所以能使人自由,是因为只有精神才能使人具有超越性,而具有超越性正是自由之体现。Aristotle's proposition that“humans are rational animals”has its limitations in understanding humans as animals,while since modern times,western philosophers have regarded reason as the only essence of human beings,and the problem is even greater.From the perspective of cosmic and biological evolution,human nature lies in human nature,and its basic meaning is to seek better survival,including the satisfaction of survival needs,development needs,and spiritual needs.When spiritual needs are developed and satisfied,people possess spirituality,which leads to transcendence and freedom in turn.This spirituality is the true nature of humanity,as well as the essence of what is or should be of human beings.It makes humans a spiritual and free species higher than animals.Spirit is the product or manifestation of advanced self-awareness,with dominant ideas,highest ideals,and basic beliefs as the core elements.Spirit is the foundation of human transcendence and freedom,freedom is the purpose and result of spiritual pursuit and spirit needs to be displayed or manifested through freedom.The level of spiritual attainment determines a person's degree of freedom.In order to obtain more and greater freedom,one must constantly improve one's spiritual level.The reason why spirit can make people free is because only spirit can make people have transcendence,and transcendence is the embodiment of freedom.

关 键 词：精神 自由 理性 理性动物 精神物种 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]