从康德伦理学出发回应《理想国》的正义之问  

Response to Questions of Justice in The Republic from the Perspective of Kant's Ethics

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作  者:张潇[1] Zhang Xiao

机构地区:[1]上海大学

出  处:《德国哲学》2023年第1期12-26,260,共16页Chinese Journal of German Philosophy

摘  要:柏拉图在《理想国》中提出“人为何要正义”及“哲学王悖论”。本文试图论证:从康德伦理学出发能更好地理解柏拉图的正义之问。康德首先否定了将道德建立于经验之上的做法,其次将逻辑原则运用到道德命题中,推出了普遍的道德命令,最后将道德奠基于自由之上,又引入因果性的考量,推出道德是无原因的自因,即自律,意味着道德是自在的目的,具有最高的价值。借此也为实践哲学划定了自由这条边界,“哲学王悖论”及类似的跨界问题无答案。康德对自由的证明常常被误解为因循环论证,本文从先验自由和实践自由出发进行了阐释:从道德到自由是“认识路径”的演绎,从自由到道德是“存在路径”的阐明。In The Republic,Plato asks,“Why should we choose justice?”,and pres-ents the“philosopher-king”paradox.This article argues that we could better understand these questions from the perspective of Kant's ethics.Kant first states that morality cannot be derived from experience.He then applies the principle of logic to infer universal moral law.By basing morality on freedom and introducing causality he infers that morality has no reason and is self-caused(i.e.,autonomous)and ends in itself,thus possessing the highest value.Whereby Kant admonishes that the limit of practical philosophy is freedom and thus the“philosopher-king”paradox has no answer.Kant's proof of freedom is often considered a failure because of a circular argument;however,from the perspective of two kinds of freedom:transcendental and practical,we can understand that through the“cognitive path”,freedom is deduced from morality,while the“existential path”explains how freedom transitions to morality.

关 键 词:正义 自由 道德 因果律 哲学王悖论 

分 类 号:B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]

 

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