比较视野下横渠至阳明“四句教”的发展逻辑  

Logic in the Development of“Four-line Doctrines”from Zhang Zai to Wang Yangming in Light of Comparison

作　　者：杨成虎 YANG Chenghu

机构地区：[1]宁波大学外国语学院

出　　处：《宁波大学学报（人文科学版）》2024年第1期28-39,共12页Journal of Ningbo University：Liberal Arts Edition

摘　　要：基于“四句教”相关研究,探讨了“四句教”研究中容易被忽视的3个问题:(1)儒家“四句教”概念产生的历史文化背景,(2)横渠“四句教”与阳明“四句教”的异同,(3)体现在儒家“四句教”中的自宋至明儒家思想主客关系一体化的历史进程,力图理出一条儒家的理学思想和心学思想的主客关系,在其发展完善过程中所走的由互含到绝待的逻辑理路。“四句教”是在中国佛教的历史文化背景下产生的,随着时代的发展,其内涵和特征也有变化;从北宋理学到明代心学,“四句教”从“心”“物”对待的积极有为和人格担当转为“心”“物”绝待的“致良知”与“至善”的统一,在逻辑理路上,“四句教”走完了主客关系发展和完善的历程。如果仅使用二分法的形式逻辑来讨论王阳明具有佛教逻辑本质的心物一体“四句教”,则难以触及其借佛扬儒、合佛于儒的哲学高度。Based on the previous studies of relevant issues,this paper is an attempt to explore the aptly neglectful topics in the recent studies of the“Four-line Doctrine”,the purpose of which is to clarify the following aspects:1)the historical and cultural background in which the Neo-Confucianist four-line doctrines evolved;2)the difference and similarity between Zhang Zai’s“Four-line Doctrine”and Wang Shouren’s“Four-line Doctrine”;3)the historical process of the Neo-Confucianist subject-object unification embodied in the four-line doctrines from the Song to Ming dynasties.Logically,Neo-Confucianism went on the path from the mutual inclusion of subject and object to the absolute unification of them in its development.“The Four-line Doctrines”were products in the historic and cultural background of Chinese Buddhism,its intention and feature changing with the development of times;from the Northern-Song-dynasty Neo-Confucianism to the Ming-dynasty Neo-Confucianism,“the Four-line Doctrine”converted from the subject-object dichotomy of enterprising and responsible Confucianists to the subject-object unification of conscience-acquiring and perfecting Confucianists.Therefore,the application of the dichotomic formal logic to the studies of Neo-Confucianist four-line doctrines might not be essentially the right method to understand its philosophical height as it intends to develop Neo-Confucianism through Buddhism and embrace Buddhism in Neo-Confucianism.

关 键 词：王阳明 张载 “四句教” 儒家思想 

分 类 号：B248.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]