高等教育普及化背景下的研究生招生考试制度:基于教育分流视角的考察  

An Analysis of the Postgraduate Entrance Examination System against the Background of Higher Education Popularization:From an Educational Stratification Perspective

作　　者：韩双淼 傅浩东 HAN Shuang-miao;FU Hao-dong(College of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学教育学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《清华大学教育研究》2023年第6期84-92,102,共10页Tsinghua Journal of Education

基　　金：国家社会科学基金教育学重大课题“新发展阶段教育促进共同富裕研究”(VFA220003);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助。

摘　　要：随着高等教育从大众化迈向普及化的进程,中考与高考作为高等教育的前置分流机制与社会的人才筛选机制的功能逐渐减弱,大学本科毕业生开始竞相通过考取研究生学位以获得竞争优势。依据考研的规模和热度,将过去二十余年划分为“考研冷”“稳增长”“两连降”和“考研热”四个阶段,并运用教育分流机制的视角系统地考察研究生招生考试制度性质与功能的变迁。研究发现,“考研热”现象本质是高等教育普及化背景下高考及其前置分流机制功能弱化的一种递延效应,研究生招生考试制度从选拔顶尖学术人才向选拔高层次就业人才转移,同时承担着高考后置、社会前置分流的功能,呈现出部分“类高考”的特征。这既是系统的教育分流机制与个体的教育选择行为相互作用的结果,也是高等教育层次结构不断与产业就业结构和社会阶层结构变化相适应的表现。改革研究生招生考试制度,应当规范并重塑中考、高考、考研等重要分流机制的功能分工,将其放置在教育分流机制的整体性变迁之中。With the acceleration of higher education massification towards popularization,the functions of the high school entrance examination and the college entrance examination(Gaokao)as the pre-tertiary educational stratification mechanism and the pre-society talent screening mechanism have been gradually weakened.Consequently,university undergraduates increasingly seek postgraduate degrees as a means to gain competitive advantages.According to the scale and popularity of the postgraduate entrance examination(PEE),the study divides the past 20 years into four periods:the“cold,”“stable growth,”“consecutive declines,”and“craze”periods.It employs an educational stratification perspective to systematically assess the evolving nature and functions of the PEE system.The findings reveal that the postgraduate examination“craze”is a deferred effect stemming from the reduced efficacy of the Gaokao within the popularization of higher education.The PEE system's role is shifting from selecting top-tier academic talents towards recruiting high-level employment candidates and now partially shares attributes with the Gaokao,serving both as a mechanism for post-secondary stratification and a pre-employment filter.This phenomenon results from the interplay between systemic educational stratification mechanisms and individual educational choices,as well as the higher education sector's ongoing adjustments to the evolving industrial employment and social class structures.Reforming the PEE system necessitates a reevaluation and recalibration of the roles and functional division among critical educational stratification mechanisms,such as Zhongkao,Gaokao,and PEE,within the overarching transition of educational stratification.

关 键 词：考研热 教育分流 研究生招生考试制度 高等教育大众化 高等教育普及化 考试与就业 

分 类 号：G643[文化科学—高等教育学]