从董仲舒和朱子的论述看孟子性善论的局限性  

On the Limitations of Mencius'Theory of Goodness in Nature from by Dong Zhongshu and Zhu Xi

作　　者：惠文东 Hui Wendong

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《理论界》2023年第12期30-36,共7页Theory Horizon

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“《春秋》三传学术通史”(19ZDA252)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：孟子性善论是中国古代思想史上的重要论题,一直以来不断引起学者的研究兴趣。不过形成反差的是,宋儒对此大加赞扬,并通过对性善论的阐发,建立了一套希圣希贤的学说;但汉儒董仲舒却对孟子性善论颇不以为然,并认为孟子性善论会导致“失天意而去王任”。所谓“失天意而去王任”,是说孟子将圣凡之别打通,而将圣人所创立的政教秩序建立在性善论的基础上,这一做法可能有将圣人的政教制度相对化的风险。这一点在宋儒那里表现比较明显,他们不仅疑经疑传,而且即使对心性问题的争论也从来没取得过统一的意见,皆因不能以圣人正嫌疑之故。然当今学界对孟子性善论的一般看法仍以宋儒为主,故有必要温习董仲舒的看法,以思考儒家学说的整体品格。Mencius"theory of goodness in nature is an.important topic in the history of ancient Chinese thought,which has continuously aroused the re-search interest ofscholars.However,what creates a contrast is that Song Con-fucianism greatly praised this and established a set of doctrines of cherishing sages and cherishing sages through the elucidation of the theory of goodness in nature.However,Dong Zhongshu,a Confucian scholar of the Han Dynas-ty,was quite indifferent to Mencius"theory of goodness in nature and be-lieved that Mencius"theory ofgoodness in would lead to"losing the will of heaven andleaving king".The so-called"losing the will ofheaven and leaving the positionof king"refers to Mencius connecting thed differences be-tween the saints and the mortal,and establishing thepolitical andreligious order established by the saints on the basis oft the theoryofgoodness in nature.This approach may pose a risk of relativizing thepolitical and reli-gious systems oft the saints,as everyone can learn fromt their own hearts and have no consensus.This is quite eevident in the scholars of the Song Dynasty,who doubted the scriptures,doubted the transmission,and argued end-lessly,all because they could not be suspected as saints.The general view of Mencius"theory of good nature in the current academic community is still dominated by Song Confucianism,SO it is necessary to review Dong Zhongshu's views again to reflect on the overall character of Confucianism.

关 键 词：孟子 性善论 董仲舒 儒家政教秩序 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]