反思民事诉讼中对立案证据的要求  

Reflection on the Requirement of Evidence for Case Docketing in Civil Proceeding

作　　者：曹志勋[1] Cao Zhixun

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第1期141-157,共17页Law Science

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助。

摘　　要：虽然历经改革努力与修法,立案审查问题及“立案难”现象仍然存在。我国现行法和司法实践通常要求原告在起诉时提供相关证据,但是其具体标准并不明确。包括“预立案”现象在内的司法实践对立案证据的重视有多重理由。对立案证据的要求与我国现行法和立案登记制改革的大方向存在张力,无法在立案阶段完成要件化的改造,两大法系的共通经验也不包括这一要求。对立案证据的要求也不符合民事诉讼中立案前后阶段的分工,法院更应当在立案且送达后收集证据并据此审查诉讼要件。证据调查在庭审结构中的位置与证据调查的直接原则也反对对立案证据的要求。不过,在涉及纯粹程序性事项和与公益相关的特别规则时,应当例外地承认立案证据要求。Despite of reform plans and legal revisions,disputes during the case-filing examination and the difficulty thereby still exist in Chinese practice.The current laws and the judicial practice normally require the plaintiff to provide the relevant evidence as early as when the lawsuit is to be filed with the court,while the relevant evidential standard is unclear.Multiple reasons can be found for the emphasis of the judiciary on such evidence at the case-filing stage,which could be illustrated by the system of so-called pre-docketing civil cases.There is certain tension between the requirement of the case-filing evidence and the general direction of the current laws and the on-going reform of case-filing docketing system.Such requirement cannot reasonably become one of the procedural preconditions at the case-filing stage,while the mutual understanding of both common law and continental law traditions does not acknowledge this requirement as well.Moreover,nor does this evidential requirement meet the ideal division of procedural stages before/after the registration of the case in civil proceedings.Rather,the examination of procedural preconditions ought to be fulfilled with the evidence collected after the case-filing stage and the service of judicial documents.Even the theoretical position of the evidential investigation within the trial structure and the fundamental procedural principle of immediateness are against the requirement of the casefiling evidence.Nevertheless,when it comes to pure procedural issues and special rules relating to public interests,the requirement of the case-filing evidence can be exceptionally accepted.

关 键 词：立案审查 立案登记 诉讼要件 被告答辩 证据调查 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]