再谈“合理性问题”——从哈贝马斯视角出发  

Rethinking the Question of Rationality--From the Perspective of Habermas

作　　者：王凤才[1] Wang Fengcai(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期118-130,共13页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：教育部重点研究基地重大项目“21世纪世界马克思主义语境中辩证法的新阐释”(项目批准号:22JJD71004);暨复旦大学一流培优行动支持专项课题“中国当代哲学话语自主创新语境中《否定辩证法》的新阐释”(项目批准号:IDH3155074/015)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：理性或合理性问题,既是传统哲学的基本议题,也是《交往行为理论》的逻辑起点。在哈贝马斯那里,理性与合理性是不加区分的。实际上,理性并不必然地就是合理性,但它却逐渐蜕变为合理性。合理性问题非常复杂,既关涉理论合理性,又关涉实践合理性。在实践合理性中,既涉及到形式/目的合理性,又涉及到实质/价值合理性。合理性问题与交往行为密切相关,而交往行为既是一种言语行为又是一种社会行为。因而,要想很好地理解合理性问题,就必须很好地理解交往行为;而要想很好地理解交往行为(关涉交往合理性),首先必须了解工具行为(关涉工具合理性)。简言之,要想很好地解决合理性问题,必须协调工具合理性与交往合理性的关系问题——“工具合理性是独白的,交往合理性本质上是对话性的”。这样,《交往行为理论》就实现了批判理论的范式转变,即从侧重于主体与客体关系、崇尚主体性的意识哲学,转向侧重于语言与世界关系、崇尚主体间性的语言哲学;从传统批判理论转向交往行为理论;从老批判理论转向新批判理论。The question of reason or rationality is not only a fundamental issue in traditional philosophy,but also the logical starting point of The Theory of Communicative Action.In Habermas'eye,""Reason"and"Rationality"are indistinguishable.In fact,"Reason"does not necessarily mean"Rationality,"but the former gradually changes into the latter.The problem of rationality is so complex that it concerns both theoretical and practical rationality.In"Practical Rationality,"it involves both Formal or Purposive Rationality and Essential or Value Rationality.Rationality is closely related to the Communicative Action,which is both a speech act and a social act.Thus,to understand the issue of rationality well,one must understand the Communicative Action well;and to understand the Communicative Action(concerning Communicative Rationality)well,one must first understand the Instrumental Action(concerning Instrumental Rationality).In short,to solve the problem of rationality well,one must reconcile the problem of the relationship between instrumental rationality and communicative rationality-"Instrumental rationality is monologic,while communicative rationality is essentially dialogic."In this way,The Theory of Communicative Action realized the paradigm shift of critical theory,that is,from the philosophy of consciousness which focuses on the relationship between subject and object and upholds subjectivity,to the philosophy of language which focuses on the relationship between language and the world and upholds intersubjectivity;from traditional critical theory to a theory of communicative action;and from old critical theory to new critical theory.

关 键 词：理性 合理性 工具合理性 交往合理性 交往行为理论 新批判理论 

分 类 号：B516.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]