北魏孝文帝“生于平城紫宫”探析——兼论冯太后孝文帝母子关系  

An Analysis of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty“Born in Pingcheng Zigong”:On the Mother - Son Relationship betweenEmpress Dowager FENG and Emperor Xiaowen

作　　者：刘蓉 LIU Rong(School of History,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学历史学院,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期119-131,共13页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：陕西省社科基金项目“陕西出土汉魏晋南北朝碑刻研究”(2020G014)。

摘　　要：《魏书》帝纪中,称孝文帝“生于平城紫宫”,与其他诸帝出生地记述迥异。“紫宫”本为紫微宫省称,又名紫微垣、中宫等,是古人对以北极星为中心、位于北斗星与仙后座之间星空的称谓,为天帝居所。紫宫星象变动被认为与人间帝王相应,东汉以来亦可占应太后、皇后,十六国南北朝以来又逐渐成为太后、皇后的代称。孝文帝出生时的皇兴元年,献文帝并无皇后,只有临朝听政的冯太后有资格以“紫宫”喻称。太和十二年《晖福寺碑》中,称冯太后“优游紫宫”,为我们提供了传世文献之外冯太后可称“紫宫”的确凿证据。也就是说,孝文帝“生于平城紫宫”,并不实指其出生地点,而是指其生母为皇太后,由此揭开了冯太后与孝文帝实为母子关系的千古之谜。冯太后与献文帝的情感纠结,集中体现于其在孝文帝出生后躬亲抚养、不听政事的相互信任,李敷、李弈之死后的冯太后废帝、献文帝禅位的矛盾爆发,以及献文帝“鸳鸯之叹”后的彼此妥协。孝文帝为冯太后奉谥“文明”,取自乾卦九二,以太后“君德”拟于九五之尊;在冯太后去世后宠隆舅氏冯熙及冯氏外戚,凡此均为冯太后与孝文帝为母子的佐证。考察北魏平城宫殿建置,结合冯太后时政局,推知“紫宫”应为太华后殿,“紫宫寺”为冯太后宫内奉佛之所。It was said in Wei Shu that Emperor Xiaowen was“born in Pingcheng Zigong”which was completely dif⁃ferent from the descriptions of the birthplaces of other Emperors.Zigong,also known as Purple Palace,was the Chi⁃nese abbreviation for the Purple Forbidden Enclosure and was considered the residence of the Great Emperor of Heaven.The astrological changes of the Purple Palace were believed to correspond to the changes of human emper⁃ors.As history went by,Zigong evolved into a synonym for Queen or Empress Dowager.It was said that Empress Dowager FENG was taking her ease in the Zigong by the inscriptions on The Stele of Huifu Temple set up by eunuch who served Emprss Dowager FENG and Emperor Xiaowen,which provided us with conclusive evidence that Empress Dowager FENG could be called Zigong.So the historical materials of Wei Shu told us that Emperor Xiaowen’s moth⁃er was in fact Empress Dowager FENG.

关 键 词：冯太后 孝文帝 紫宫 晖福寺碑 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学]