基于法权辩证法的普遍同质国家——兼论福山对科耶夫“历史终结论”的误读  

Universal and Homogeneous State Based upon the Dialectic of Rights:On Fukuyama's Misinterpretation of Kojeve's View of the End of History

作　　者：张浩军[1] 李颖凯 ZHANG Haojun;LI Yingkai(School of Philosophy,Renmin University of China;School of Humanities,China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院 [2]中国政法大学人文学院

出　　处：《中国人民大学学报》2024年第1期167-180,共14页Journal of Renmin University of China

基　　金：中国人民大学2023年度“中央高校建设世界一流大学(学科)和特色发展引导专项资金”支持。

摘　　要：普遍同质国家是科耶夫重要的原创性理论,在其整个理论体系中存在两个层次的样态:一是《法权现象学纲要》中所呈现的社会主义性质的共同体;二是作为向终极理想过渡的不同意识形态、政治结构。这一对人类终极秩序的哲学建构是基于其法权辩证法生成的:从为承认而斗争的人性化行为中产生平等和等价正义理念,对正义理念的适用产生贵族法权和资产阶级法权,经过两种互为反题的正义理念的相互渗透、两种法权的辩证综合生成平衡正义的公民法权,继而经过公民法权的辩证发展,在普遍同质国家中生成绝对法权。福山对科耶夫的历史终结论有多处误读,最甚之处是将普遍同质国家意识形态化为美式自由民主制。造成这种误读的根本原因在于,福山不理解科耶夫的普遍同质国家是一种关于人类终极秩序的哲学建构,完全忽视了贯穿科耶夫历史终结论始终的法权辩证法。The concept of the"universal and homogeneous state",originally put forth by Kojeve,appears on two different levels in his thought:on the one hand,it is presented as a socialist community in Outline of the Phenomenology of Right;on the other hand,it is referred to various ideological and political structures as a transition to the ultimately ideal order.This philosophical construction of the ultimate human order is based upon the dialectic of right.From the human act of struggle for recognition comes the idea of equal and equivalent justice.The application of the idea of justice gives rise to the aristocratic and bourgeois right.Through the interpenetration of the two antithetical ideas of justice and the dialectical synthesis of the two types of right,the citizen's right of balanced justice is formed.Furthermore,through the dialectical development of the citizen's right,the"absolute right"is generated in the universal and homogeneous state.Fukuyama misinterprets Kojeve's theory of the end of history on many points,the most serious of which is the ideological identification of the universal and homogeneous state with a liberal democracy of the American type.The fundamental reason for this misinterpretation is that Fukuyama fails to understand Kojeve's conception of the universal and homogeneous state as a philosophical construction of the ultimate human order,and completely ignores the dialectic of right that has always been a constant theme running throughout Kojeve's statement on the end of history.

关 键 词：科耶夫 福山 历史终结 普遍同质国家 法权辩证法 

分 类 号：D0[政治法律—政治学] D90[哲学宗教—哲学理论] B02