深时重大生物和气候事件与全球变化:进展与挑战  

Deep-time major biological and climatic events versus global changes:Progresses and challenges

作　　者：沈树忠 张飞飞 王文倩 王向东 樊隽轩 陈吉涛 王博[2] 曹剑[1] 杨石岭[3] 张华[2] 李高军[1] 邓涛[4] 李献华[5] 陈骏[1] Shuzhong Shen;Feifei Zhang;Wenqian Wang;Xiangdong Wang;Junxuan Fan;Jitao Chen;Bo Wang;Jian Cao;Shiling Yang;Hua Zhang;Gaojun Li;Tao Deng;Xianhua Li;Jun Chen(State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling,School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China;State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China;Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China;Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China;State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学地球科学与工程学院,关键地球物质循环前沿科学中心,内生金属成矿机制研究国家重点实验室,南京210023 [2]中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,现代古生物学与地层学国家重点实验室,南京210008 [3]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,新生代地质与环境重点实验室,北京100029 [4]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京100044 [5]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,岩石圈演化国家重点实验室,北京100029

出　　处：《科学通报》2024年第2期268-285,共18页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(42293280,42250104);国家自然科学基金国际合作交流项目(42261144668);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB26000000)资助。

摘　　要：地球自5.4亿年前现代生态系统形成至今,发生了多次与碳循环扰动有关的重大气候事件.这些事件的触发机制、发展过程、环境变化及其伴随的生物响应型式为科学评估当今全球变化背景下生物多样性现状提供重要借鉴.然而,古-今生态系统变化时间尺度大不相同,高分辨率关键环境因子(温度、CO_(2)、降雨量、海洋氧化还原条件等)在深时记录中亦难以获取,深时海陆生物多样性模式尚缺乏高分辨率记录.因此,当今全球变化与深时记录对比存在巨大鸿沟.地球5.4亿年以来大部分时间处于两极无冰的温室状态,期间伴随多次极冷和极热气候事件,但地球深时重大生物演化和气候事件的关系复杂.生物多样性在变冷的奥陶纪早期、晚古生代大冰期、晚新生代大冰期以及中-晚三叠世和白垩纪热室期均呈现稳定增加,而在奥陶纪末冰期快速降温期间和二叠纪末、三叠纪末、白垩纪末火山排气作用导致的快速升温过程中急剧下降.地质时期生物多样性对气候变化的不同响应型式表明,生物多样性变化的根本驱动因素可能不是简单的温度、大气CO_(2)浓度等环境因子的背景值高或低,而是环境因子的变化速率(环境变率).变率较小,环境相对稳定,生物有足够的时间适应环境变化,生物多样性不会丧失,甚至繁盛.反之,若环境因子变率过大,超出了生态系统的承受力,生物来不及适应,生物多样性就会显著降低,甚至引发大灭绝.已有模拟和计算表明,当今地球碳排放的速度有可能超过了地质历史时期任何一次生物大灭绝事件.因此,避免环境突变事件和生物大灭绝的再次发生成为政界、科学界和普通民众关注的焦点.打通地球多圈层界限,开展古-今地质记录、冷-热极端气候、海-陆生态系统和长-短时间尺度的综合对比研究,并通过建立适用于深时的地球系统模型,模拟重大生物和环�Climate changes are altering Earth’s biodiversity in very complex ways while predicting the evolutionary trajectories of Earth’s ecosystem response to the current global changes is highly challenging.The Earth has witnessed multiple climate extremes associated with profound perturbations in the global carbon cycle since the formation of modern ecosystems 540 million years ago.Unraveling the triggering and terminating mechanisms,the environmental perturbations,and the associated biological responses to these climate extremes can provide a basis to anticipate and manage the responses of biodiversity to the current changing climates.However,these efforts have been hampered by major challenges concerning the vast differences in the time scales of deep-time and modern ecosystem changes,the lack of high-resolution and reliable environmental proxy data(temperature,CO_(2),precipitation,ocean redox conditions,etc.),and the missing of highresolution marine and terrestrial biodiversity curves.Therefore,those challenges bring a huge gap in comparison between current global changes and the deep-time archives.Although the Earth has been in greenhouse conditions for most of the past 540 million years(i.e.,where the poles were ice-free),there were numerous climate extremes such as glaciations and hyperthermal events.Unfortunately,the relationships between major biological revolutions(extinctions and radiations)and climatic events in deep time are more complex than expected.For instance,biodiversity exhibited a steady increase during the Early Ordovician cooling,the Late Paleozoic Ice Age,the Late Cenozoic Ice Age,and the greenhouse intervals from the Middle-Late Triassic and Cretaceous.In contrast,biodiversity underwent rapid decline during the rapid cooling of the Late Ordovician glaciation and during the rapid warming periods associated with volcanic CO_(2)degassing at the end of the Permian,the end of the Triassic,and the end of the Cretaceous.The different response patterns of biodiversity to climate changes in deep-time

关 键 词：深时极端气候 重大生物事件 环境变率 全球变化 地球系统模拟 

分 类 号：Q16[生物学—普通生物学]