兴衰有道:清代北商的砖茶贸易  

Paths of Prosperity and Declining:The Brick Tea Trade of Northern Merchants in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：赖惠敏 王惠敏 LAI Hui-min;WANG Hui-min(Institute of Modern History,Academia Sinica,Taipei,Taiwan,11529;Institute for Western Frontier Region of China,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,710062,China)

机构地区：[1]“中研院”近代史研究所,中国台湾台北11529 [2]陕西师范大学中国西部边疆研究院,陕西西安710062

出　　处：《史学集刊》2024年第2期21-39,共19页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：中国台湾地区科学委员会计划书“清代湖南安化茶叶研究”(MOST110-2410-H-001-015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：茶叶是清代国内外贸易的大宗物资,也是销往边疆民族地区具有战略意义的特殊商品。砖茶对清廷维护边疆统治秩序极其重要。借助康雍乾三朝对准噶尔部的军事行动所带来的商业契机,北商贩售砖茶至蒙古地区的经济活动在清中前期边疆贸易领域写就了壮丽篇章,促进了商贸线路、物资交易网络和商业市镇的形成。砖茶自产茶区流向万里之外的蒙古地区,成为当地居民的日常必需品和广泛流通的“货币”,并且终清之世位列输入品首位。咸丰十年《中俄北京条约》签订后,经恰克图与俄国贸易的北商群体严重受挫,遂将视野转向蒙古地区,并改变经营策略。清末,北商在蒙古地区的商业活动基本得以撑持,砖茶贸易仍保持一定的优势,但盈利情况一落千丈。由是观之,清代北商的砖茶贸易兴衰之道与清朝国力的盛衰走向高度契合。Tea was a kind of large commodity traded domestically and internationally during the Qing Dynasty,and it was also a special commodity with strategic significance sold to border ethnic areas.Brick tea was extremely important for the Qing court to maintain the order of border ruling.Taking advantage of the commercial opportunities brought by the military operations in the Junggar region during the Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong periods,the economic activities of northern merchants selling brick tea to Mongolia wrote a magnificent chapter in the border trade field before the middle Qing Dynasty,promoting the formation of commercial routes,material trading networks,and commercial towns.Brick tea flowed from the producing area to Mongolia thousands of miles away,becoming a daily necessity for local residents,and widely circulated“currency”,and ranked first among imported goods throughout the Qing Dynasty.After signing the Beijing Treaty between China and Russia in the tenth year of Xianfeng Emperor's reign,the group of Northern merchants who traded with Russia through kyakhta(恰克图)suffered serious setbacks,so they shifted their focus to Mongolia and changed their business strategies.In the late Qing Dynasty,the commercial activities of northern merchants in Mongolia were basically maintained,and the brick tea trade still kept a certain advantage,but the profit situation plummeted.From this perspective,the prosperity and decline of brick tea trade of the northern merchants during the Qing Dynasty was highly consistent with the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty's national strength.

关 键 词：清代 北商 蒙古地区 恰克图 砖茶 

分 类 号：F752.9[经济管理—国际贸易] F329[经济管理—产业经济] K249[历史地理—历史学]