行政示范诉讼的正当性基础  

The Legitimacy Basis of Administrative Test Case

作　　者：张学府 ZHANG Xue-fu(School of Political Science and Public Administration,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学政治与公共管理学院,北京100088

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2024年第1期63-73,共11页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金重点项目“通用行政法典编纂问题研究”(项目编号:22AFX007)的阶段性成果;中国政法大学科研创新项目“行政法法典化研究”(项目编号:21ZFD82001)资助。

摘　　要：我国行政示范诉讼源于司法实践需要,缺少直接的立法依据和正当性基础,从而被质疑会减损当事人权利、影响裁判公正、程序构建缺少理论指引而呈现碎片化。证成行政示范诉讼的正当性,需应用共同诉讼理论和分析方法。根据行政共同诉讼分类的三分法,固有必要共同诉讼具有诉讼的合一确定性,该性质与示范诉讼的程序设计相冲突,故不适用示范诉讼;类似必要共同诉讼适用职权型示范诉讼,以裁判的合一确定性为正当性基础,该性质确保了示范案件裁判确认的法律、事实问题可适用于平行案件,故法院可依职权启动程序、选定示范案件、依照示范案件裁判审理平行案件;普通共同诉讼适用契约型示范诉讼,其理论基础是当事人为实现诉讼经济而自主处分诉权、自愿承担诉讼风险,故程序启动、示范案件选择均需当事人同意。Administrative test cases in China originate from the need of judicial practice and lack legislative basis and legitimacy,leading to criticisms:litigants’rights are reduced,judgment fairness is affected,and the construction of procedure lacks theoretical guidance and presents fragmentationTo justify their legitimacy,the theory and analytical method of joint litigation should be appliedAccording to the tripartite method of classification of administrative joint litigation,the inherent necessary joint litigation has the unity certainty of litigation,which is in conflict with the praedure design of test cases,so it is not applicable to test casesSimilar necessary joint litigation applies to authority test cases and uses the unity certainty of judgment as the legitimacy basisThis nature ensures that the legal and factual issues confirmed by the judgment of the test cases can be applied to parallel cases,so the court can start the procedure according to the authority,select the test case,and judge and decide the parallel cases in accordance with the test caseFor ordinary joint litigation,contract-type test cases should be applied with litigants independently disposing of litigation rights and voluntarily assuming litigation risks for economic purposesConsent of the parties is required for initiating the procedure and selecting guiding cases.

关 键 词：行政示范诉讼 共同诉讼类型化 固有必要共同诉讼 类似必要共同诉讼 普通共同诉讼 

分 类 号：D925.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]