施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Grain Yield,Plant Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Grain Quality of Foxtail Millet

作　　者：董二伟 王媛[1] 王劲松 刘秋霞 黄晓磊 焦晓燕 DONG ErWei;WANG Yuan;WANG JinSong;LIU QiuXia;HUANG XiaoLei;JIAO XiaoYan(College of Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan 030031)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学资源环境学院,太原030031

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第2期306-318,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-A20)。

摘　　要：【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。【Objective】To provide the theoretical basis for rational nitrogen(N)application and promoting high yield and high quality of foxtail millet(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.),this study aimed to clarify the effects of different N application rates on plant N utilization characteristics,grain yield and grain quality of foxtail millet.【Method】To investigate the effects of different N application levels on plant N accumulation,transfer and utilization characteristics,grain yield and its components,grain micronutrients content and pasting properties,a 2-year field experiment(2020-2021)was performed with different N fertilization application at four levels(0,75,120,and 150 kg·hm^(-2),represented as N0,N75,N120,and N150,respectively)in the Qinxian County of Shanxi Province,located in the spring sowing region of China.【Result】Compared with N0,N application increased panicle number per unit area at harvest,grain number per panicle and plant productivity of foxtail millet.N application also significantly enhanced N translocation and promoted the distribution of both dry matter and N in grains.As a consequence,an enhanced grain yield was obtained when subjected to N application.Further,among all treatments,the highest values of panicle number per unit area at harvest,grain number per panicle,both grain yield and biomass,harvest index,total N accumulation and N translocation efficiency were obtained when 75 kg·hm^(-2) was supplied;compared with the values produced by N0,the increased rate reached 7.5%,23.3%,31.0%,21.2%,8.6%,40.3%and 9.2%by N75,respectively.Compared with N0 treatment,the content of Fe,Zn,Ca,Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains under N75 treatment were increased by 37.3%,43.6%,56.0%,30.5%and 16.9%at most,respectively.Excessive N application(N 150)decreased grain number,harvest index and N translocation efficiency compared with N75 treatment.More than 75 kg·hm^(-2) application resulted in diminished N translocation efficiency,by 23.1%and 28.1%,in 2020 and 2021,respectively.The content of amylopectin and s

关 键 词：谷子 施氮量 氮素利用 产量 糊化特性 微量元素 

分 类 号：S515[农业科学—作物学]