建构“理想国”:古代希腊城邦制度与城市规划的兴起和发展  

Creating the‘Politeia':Polis and the Development of Urban Planning in Ancient Greece

作　　者：刘峰 Liu Feng

机构地区：[1]德国海德堡大学古代史与碑铭学系

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第6期112-126,159,160,共17页World History

摘　　要：古代希腊的城市聚落形态大致可以分为两种,一种是由村落自然联合发展而成的城市,其内部街道杂乱,建筑布局也无规章;另一种是经历了缜密规划的“希波达姆斯式”城市,内部街道规整,房屋规格一致,呈棋盘状分布。希腊的城市规划思想在迈锡尼王宫时代末期萌芽,大殖民时代为这一思想提供了实践空间。随着城邦制度的成熟,海外殖民地的实践检验,希腊人的城市规划思想日趋完善,以市场为中心,几何形状为轮廓,内部街道呈网格状分布的基本布局已然成型。古典时期希腊哲学家对理想国的追求,不仅包括对理想政体的讨论,还包括对理想城市形态的设计,以柏拉图、亚里士多德为代表的很多哲学家已认识到,合理的城市规划能够帮助不同类型的政体发挥出最大的优势。在此背景下,棋盘式的城市布局以希波达姆斯之名逐渐固定,在雅典的推广下日臻完善,希腊化时期得到广泛传播,最终形成了欧洲现代城市的基本要素。There were two types of urban settlements in ancient Greece:the one grew out of the natural villages with their haphazard internal streets and unstructured building layouts;the other was‘Hippodamus'cities with their regular internal streets and uniform house sizes,which were elaborately planned and distributed in a tessellated pattern.The Greek idea of urban planning developed at the end of the Mycenaean palace period and was put into practice during the Great Colonial period.As the citystate system matured,the Greek idea of urban planning became increasingly refined,feeding back into Greece itself during the Classical period.It was in this context that urban planning became established with the name of Hippodamus and spread widely during the Hellenistic period,eventually forming the basic element of the modern European cities.

关 键 词：希腊城邦制度 希波达姆斯 聚落形态 城市规划 理想国 

分 类 号：K125[历史地理—历史学] TU984.5[历史地理—世界史]