强制处分法定主义视角下数据驱动型侦查的基本定位——以日本学理理解与司法适用为参考  

The Basic Position of Data-Driven Investigations from the Perspective of Mandatory Penal Jurisprudence:A Jurisprudential Understanding and Judicial Application with Reference to Japan

作　　者：孙航 SUN Hang(School of Criminal Justice,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《中国刑警学院学报》2023年第6期98-109,共12页Journal of Criminal Investigation Police University of China

基　　金：2022年度国家留学基金管理委员会“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”(编号:CSC NO.202207070044)。

摘　　要：以模拟手段为主的数据驱动型侦查方法,消解了传统侦查方法的物理强制属性,引发现行刑事诉讼法体系下法律属性界定规则难以匹配数据驱动型侦查方法的问题。数字技术的介入与法律的迟滞影响到数据驱动型侦查方法法律属性的基本定位。我国目前偏向于将数据驱动型侦查方法作为任意性侦查措施,这导致侦查权外溢、侵害公民隐私权之危险。日本司法多以强制处分法定主义与重要权利侵害说为视角,作为数据驱动型侦查方法强制性的判断标准与法理逻辑,但却因严格的事前令状审批陷入制度僵化的“泥沼”。为兼顾侦查活性与权利保障,宜将数据驱动型侦查定位为复合任意性与强制性的新型侦查措施,再以“阶段—种类”为具体分类之方法论,以分类型考量与分阶段控制的方式,区分不同数据驱动型侦查方法的法律属性。Data-driven investigative methods based on analog means have dissolved the physically mandatory attributes of traditional investigative methods,leading to the problem that the rules for defining legal attributes under the current criminal procedure law system are difficult to match with data-driven investigative methods.The intervention of digital technology and legal lag affect the basic positioning of the legal attributes of data-driven investigation methods.In China,data-driven investigation methods are currently favored as arbitrary investigation measures,which leads to the danger of spillover of investigation power and infringement of citizens'right to privacy.The Japanese judiciary has adopted the legalism of compulsory disposition and the theory of infringement of important rights as the perspective of the judgment standard and jurisprudential logic for the mandatory nature of data-driven investigative methods,but it has fallen into the“quagmire”of systemic rigidity due to the strict approval of prior warrants.In order to considerthe investigative activities and rights protection,it is appropriate to position the data-driven investigation as a new type of investigative measure compounding arbitrariness and mandatory,and then take“stage-type”as the methodology of specific classification,and differentiate the legal attributes of different data-driven investigative methods by the way of subtyping consideration and sub-stage control.

关 键 词：数据驱动型侦查 强制处分法定主义 任意性侦查措施 强制性侦查措施 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]