康德的德行概念并非自制——基于《道德形而上学》“德行论导论”的论证  

Kant’s Concept of Virtue is Not Self-control:An Argument Based on“Introduction to the Doctrine of Virtue”in the Metaphysics of Morals

作　　者：马新宇[1] MA Xin-yu(School of Marxism,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学马克思主义学院,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期15-26,共12页Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目(20CZX037)。

摘　　要：关于康德的德行概念与亚里士多德的自制概念的关系大体上有三种观点:德行只能算作自制;德行不只是自制;德行可以理解为自制。通过对《道德形而上学》“德行论导论”的疏解可知,两者存在明显差异。目的学说方面,德行以定言令式为根据,以自己的完善和他人的幸福为质料,以普遍法则为至上原则;自制以最高善为根据,以幸福为质料,以正确的逻各斯为原则。意向学说方面,康德认为人有对义务概念的易感性的主观条件,且德行是承担义务的唯一能力,但德行义务不止一种,相关于法则,具有先验性;亚氏认为,人可以出于意愿去行为,但德行只有一种,相关于中道,可从经验中学习。康德认为,人对德行的拥有不是义务而是目的,仿佛是德行拥有人;亚氏认为,应当通过克服不自制来拥有自制;德行要求驯服自己的激情,驾驭自己的情欲,自制则要求抑制感官欲望,控制自然需求和痛苦。方法论方面,德行不能靠习惯养成,要以问答法进行理论练习,以修行法进行实践练习;自制则要求掌握真正的知识,学会明智,要在习惯中养成,在实践中完善。因此,德行并非自制。There are three broad views on the relationship between Kant’s concept of virtue and Aristotle’s concept of self-control:virtue can only count as self-control;virtue is more than self-control and it virtue can be understood as self-control.A reading of the“Introduction to the Doctrine of Virtue”of the Metaphysics of Morals shows that there are clear differences between them.In the doctrine of purpose,virtue is based on the categorical imperative,regards the perfection of oneself and the happiness of others as material,the universal law as the supreme principle.Self-control is based on the highest good,and it regards happiness as material and the right logos as principle.With regard to the doctrine of intention,Kant argues that man has the subjective condition of susceptibility to the concept of obligation and that virtue is the only capacity for obligation,but that there is more than one kind of obligation to virtue related to the law,which is a priori,and Aristotle argues that man can act on his willingness but that there is only one kind of virtue related to the middle way,which can be learned from experience.Kant argues that the possession of virtue is not an obligation but an end in itself as if virtue possessed the man.Aristotle argues that one should possess self-control by overcoming incontinence and virtue requires taming one’s emotion and mastering one’s passions,while self-control requires suppressing sensual desires and controlling natural needs and pains.Methodologically,virtue cannot be acquired by habit,but is practiced theoretically by the method of questions,exercised practically by the method of self-cultivation.Self-control requires the acquisition of true knowledge and the learning of prudence,and is to be acquired in habit and perfected in practice.Therefore,virtue is not self-control.

关 键 词：康德 亚里士多德 德行 自制 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]