论居住权在民法典中的体系定位  

On the Positioning of the Right of Residence in the System of Civil Code

作　　者：李永军[1] Li Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第1期63-75,共13页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目编号:18ZDA141)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：居住权在我国民法典上属于一种明文规定的用益物权,但从《民法典》第366条之规定看,没有认真区分物权与债权,甚至不能涵盖所有的居住权设立方式——居住权不仅可以通过合同设立,也可以通过遗嘱和法院裁判设立。居住权不仅可以是他物权,也可以以自物权的形式出现——住宅所有权人的居住权也可以设立。尽管我国民法典第368条规定居住权属于登记物权,但在我国司法实践中也存在非登记的物权性居住权。居住权既可以在整个住宅上设立,也可以在住宅的一部分上设立,但是,该部分必须具有居住的功能。居住权可以为单个自然人设立,也可以设立共有居住权。通过遗嘱设立居住权的,无论是遗赠还是其他,都属于新权利的设立而非简单的继承,在遗嘱生效的时候仅仅产生债权性请求权而不发生直接的取得居住权。因此,我国民法典第230条不应适用于包括遗嘱设立居住权。居住权制度的目的在于首先满足生活居住的需要,不应该把商业化作为民法典之居住权的首要目的,当然也不能在现代社会中与商业化完全脱钩。另外,居住权作为需要登记生效的他物权在与其他物权登记的关系上,应采取登记优先则效力优先的原则,例如,居住权与抵押权的关系上,孰先登记孰之效力优先。The right of residence is explicitly designated in China's Civil Code as usufructuary right.However,Article 366 of the Code fails to clearly differentiate between real rights and creditor's rights,and it does not encompass all possible methods for establishing the right of residence.Notably,the right of residence can be established through contracts,wills and court decisions.Moreover,it can exist as an independent right,not just as an accessory right,as it can be established for the owner of residential property.Although Article 368 designates the right of residence as a registered real right,non-registered instances have been observed in judicial practice.In fact,the right of residence can be established either on the entire residence or on specific parts,provided they serve a residential function.It can be granted to individuals or established as a co-ownership right.When the right of residence is established through a will,whether as a bequest or otherwise,it constitutes the establishment of a new right rather than a simple inheritance.Upon the will's effectiveness,it only grants a creditor's right to request the enforcement of the right of residence,without directly acquiring the right itself.Therefore,Article 230 of the Civil Code should not be applicable to the establishment of the right of residence through a will.The objective of the system of residence right is to satisfy the need for residential living in the first place,and therefore,commercialization should not be its primary focus in the Civil Code,though it cannot be entirely divorced from modern society's commercial aspects.In addition,as a registered real right,the right of residence should adhere to the principle of priority in registration and effectiveness when compared with other registered rights.For example,in the context of the relationship between the right of residence and the right of mortgage,the effectiveness of the right that is registered first takes precedence.

关 键 词：居住权 住宅 农村宅基地 他物权 遗嘱 用益物权 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]