公共教育与人民公社时期农村集体办学的实践路径--基于“十女办学”者的口述历史分析  

The Practical Path of Public Education and Rural Collective School-Running in the Period of the People's Commune:Based on the Oral History Analysis of Ten Female School Founders

作　　者：郑新蓉[1] 张莉 曾巧玲[3] 阿呷热哈莫[4] ZHENG Xinrong;ZHANG Li;ZENG Qiaoling;Aga Rehamo

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育基本理论研究院,100875 [2]西南财经大学教师教学发展中心,611130 [3]北京师范大学教育学部,100875 [4]四川师范大学教育科学学院,610068

出　　处：《中华女子学院学报》2024年第2期38-48,共11页Journal of China Women＇s University

摘　　要：现代化需要最基本的社会动员,而办学和普及教育是农村社会动员最重要的途径。依据20世纪60年代西南农村妇女办学的口述资料,考察人民公社时期集体办学状况,展现农村集体时代民办女教师的来源、社会功能、生活保障和教育教学实践样态。“教育翻身”的新社会新国家情怀是青年妇女献身艰苦教育岗位的内在动力;“两条腿走路”的公共教育办学方针、地方干部深入基层和大胆实践的精神,促成了女青年上山办学和志愿从教;她们在农村集体组织中,结合农村生产生活特点办起了灵活有效的“耕读学校”;“民办教师”的社会主义集体认同,激发了她们前所未有的办学活力,村庄和学校都是女教师们的社会舞台;她们是我国农村集体化时代社会主义现代教育的探索者。面对当前乡村建制化学校和教师队伍疏离乡村等问题,公共教育必须依托农村新生的集体力量,通过激发乡村教育和妇女社会活力,促进劳动合作、集体生活、学校与社区融合,新时期乡村振兴才能得以生根,社会主义公共教育活力才能得以复苏。Modernization requires social mobilization,and the most important ways of rural social mobilization are running schools and popularizing education.Based on the oral materials of female teachers from southwest China in the 1960s,this article analyzes the rural private teachers'(minban jiaoshi)background,their social function,living conditions and teaching practice in the Collective Era of China.The women's gratitude for education opportunities they were provided promotes them to devote to rural education in mountainous areas.The open mind and innovative spirit of local leaders provide opportunities and social space for the educated women to volunteer to teach and run schools.The villages and schools provide public stages for female teachers,where they are able to run schools suitable for rural life in creative and effective ways.They are not only explorers of socialist public school in the Collective Era,but also leaders of modern education popularization and social mobilization.In the face of the current rural institutionalized schools and teachers'being separated from the rural community and other problems,rural public education must rely on new rural collective forces.By stimulating rural education and women's social vitality,promoting labor cooperation,collective life,and integration of schools and communities,rural revitalization can be achieved in the new era and the vitality of socialist public education can be revived.

关 键 词：“十女办学” 耕读学校 社会动员 “两条腿走路” 公共教育 

分 类 号：G776[文化科学—教育学]