身体新知:在自然神学与自然科学之间  

New Insights into the Body:Between Natural Theology and Anatomy

作　　者：高晞[1] Gao Xi

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《近代史研究》2024年第1期112-128,M0005,M0006,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：18世纪以来,欧洲神学家大量运用自然科学的新成果阐释自然神学理论,如借用解剖学知识论证上帝缔造生命、规划自然秩序的合理性。他们构建的兼具神学与科学的身体观念在19世纪由西方传教士和医生传入中国。既有研究多强调西来新知的科学性面相,但忽略了其中所蕴含的传教诉求和殖民意识,故有必要从科学思想史的角度甄别自然神学语境下的身体观与自然科学框架下的解剖学之差异,进一步考察这套神学与科学混杂的“身体新知”在晚清中国的传播机制与接受情况。代表西方科学成果的生理解剖学知识,被传教士当作批判、否定中国医学和中国文化的利器,在中国知识界和医学界都产生深远影响。中国士人和医生对外来的“身体新知”作出不同反应。维新士人较少受到带有宗教色彩的“造化论”的影响,但部分接受西人对中国身体观的批评。中医群体修正了原有的观察方法和认知系统,重构传统的身体观念,发起以中医科学化为标志的自改革运动。Since the late Ming dynasty,the propagation of natural theology in China has been closely intertwined with the study of anatomy,a connection that became more pronounced during the 19th century.The knowledge of physiological anatomy,representing advanced Western scientific achievements,was wielded by missionaries in China as a tool to discredit traditional Chinese medicine.The blurred boundary between"natural theology"and"natural science"led to the infusion of white supremacist prejudices into the Chinese translations of anatomy works.Eager to acquire new knowledge from the West,the Chinese unwittingly embraced these racist prejudices,which were embedded in the global spread of Christianity and colonialist narratives and obscured by the scientific knowledge of anatomy.By examining how the Chinese disseminated and embraced modern knowledge on human body and anatomy from the perspectives of natural theology and natural science in the 19th century,we can deconstruct the such knowledge as the"Doctrine of Creation,""Theory of Civilization,"and"knowledge of science"as propagated by missionaries.This effort can help us understand how this knowledge shaped Chinese perceptions of the human body and how it catalyzed the self-improvement movement towards the scientific transformation of traditional Chinese medicine.

关 键 词：身体观 自然神学 解剖学 中医科学化 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]