也说语气词“吗”出现的时代  

On the Era When Modal Particle“吗(Ma)”Appeared

作　　者：崔山佳 CUI Shan-jia

机构地区：[1]浙江财经大学人文与传播学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《古汉语研究》2024年第1期106-115,128,共11页Research in Ancient Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“晚明以来吴语白话文献语法研究及数据库建设”(21&ZD301)。

摘　　要：王力(1958)、王力(1989)认为疑问语气词“吗”始见于清代的《红楼梦》,(日)太田辰夫(2003)也持同样看法。《汉语大词典》(第3卷)、《汉语大字典》(首版第二版)“吗”的首个例句也是《红楼梦》。也有人认为最早出现“吗”字形的应该是1758年宏文阁版的《清话问答四十条》,共33条有“吗”,并认为“吗”是满汉语言接触的结果。语言有渐变性的特点,语法尤甚,“吗”也如此,所以1758年突然在40条问答中出现33个“吗”,似乎不大可能。据我们考察,明代戏曲中已有一些“吗”的用例,,戏曲相比于白话小说,口语化程度更高,且语料是可靠的,证明明代末年确实已经有“吗”,有的虽然是清初刊本,也比《清话问答四十条》要早得多。因此,“吗”是汉语固有的,不是汉语与满语两种语言接触的结果。Wang li believes that the interrogative modal particle"(ma)"first appeared in A Dream of Red Mansions in Qing Dynasty.Ota Tatsuo also holds the same view.The first example of"吗(ma)"is also from A Dream of Red Mansionsin Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Dictionary.Some people also believe that the earliest appearance of"(ma)"should be in the Hongwenge edition of Forty Questions and Answers of Languages in Qing Dynasty.There are a total of 33 items with"吗(ma)"and it is believed that"吗(ma)"is the result of language contact between Manchu and Chinese.Language is characterized by gradual change,especially grammar,and the same is true for"(ma)".It seems unlikely that 33"(ma)"suddenly appeared in 40 questions and answers in 1758.According to our investigation,there are some examples of the use of吗(ma)"in Ming Dynasty operas.Compared with vernacular novels,operas are more colloquial,and the corpus is reliable,which proved that there was indeed"(ma)"in the late Ming Dynasty.Although some of them were published in the early Qing Dynasty,but they were used earlier than Forty Questions and Answers of Languages in Qing Dynasty(1758).Therefore,"(ma)"is inherent in Chinese language and is not the result of the language contact between Chinese and Manchu.

关 键 词：疑问语气词 吗 明代 戏曲 语体 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]