侵权抑或不当得利:个人信息泄露的民事救济路径之辨  

Tort or Unjust Enrichment:A Comparation on Civil Remedies for Personal Information Breach

作　　者：谢迪扬 XIE Diyang(Law School,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200438

出　　处：《北京理工大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第2期136-149,共14页Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology：Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学重大项目“构建人类命运共同体国际法治创新研究”(18ZDA153);国家社会科学基金重点项目“‘人类命运共同体’国际法理论与实践研究”(18AFX025);司法部专项任务课题“产业链重构下涉外技术转让法律机制研究”(21SFB4056)。

摘　　要：在个人信息泄露愈演愈烈的背景下,美国已开始运用不当得利规则救济受害人。传统侵权救济路径下,由于损害认定的争议,受害人往往难获救济;即便引入“风险性损害”,其理论缺陷也会阻碍实践应用,包括压抑个人行为自由、混淆损害发生风险与损害扩大风险、混淆风险预防与风险损害赔偿、不符合“成本—效益”原则等。美国判例表明,个人信息处理者不当利用个人信息获取的收益构成“积极”不当得利;还可运用超额给付和商业机会理论,将个人信息处理者不当克扣的安保费用认定为“消极”不当得利;其说理路径在中国具有可适用性。相比于侵权救济,不当得利救济路径具有优势:不当得利之损失的认定难度小于侵权之损害;不当得利返还数额不受填平原则和禁止得利原则的限制;发生下游显著损害时,受害人可同时请求侵权赔偿。司法实践中,可根据不同情形灵活认定不当得利,并借鉴消费类民事公益诉讼,在不特定受害人群体中妥善分配返还的利益。Against the backdrop of increasing personal information breach,the United States has begun to use the unjust enrichment rules to remedy victims.Under the traditional path of tort relief,victims often find it difficult to obtain relief due to disputes over the determination of damages;even if the concept of“risk-based damage”is introduced,its theoretical flaws hinder practical application,including suppressing individual freedom of behavior,confusing the risk of damage occurrence with the risk of damage expansion,confusing risk prevention with risk damage compensation,and not complying with the“cost benefit”principle.US precedents indicate that the improper use of personal information by personal information processors constitutes“positive”unjust enrichment;the theories of overpayment and business opportunity can also be used to identify security fees improperly withheld by personal information processors as“negative”unjust enrichment;Its reasoning path also has applicability in China.Compared with tort relief,the path of unjust enrichment relief has obvious advantages,because identifying the loss of unjust enrichment is easier than identifying the damage of infringement;the amount of unjust enrichment returned shall not be limited by the principles of filling in and prohibiting enrichment;when significant downstream damage occurs,the victim can also request infringement compensation at the same time.In judicial practice,unjust enrichment can be flexibly determined according to different situations,and consumer civil public interest litigation can be used for reference to properly distribute the returned benefits among unspecified groups of victims.

关 键 词：个人信息 泄露 侵权 不当得利 民事救济 

分 类 号：DF522[政治法律—民商法学]