作为经学式宪制的“大一统”——董仲舒的宪制思想发微  

“Great Unity”as Constitution of Confucian Classics:A Study on Dong Zhongshu’s Constitutional Ideology

作　　者：孙磊 SUN Lei(School of Political Science,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学政治学系,上海200092

出　　处：《衡水学院学报》2024年第2期31-38,共8页Journal of Hengshui University

摘　　要：宪制是承载一个文明体的根本大法。作为汉代儒宗的董仲舒,其“大一统”的宪制思想是对周秦巨大变革的回应。与政治意义上的“大一统”不同,经学意义上的“大一统”包含“尊王”与“贬天子”两个内在维度,规范限制君权的“贬天子”实内置于“大一统”的“尊王”维度所蕴含的深意中,此春秋公羊学的宪制精义在后世逐渐被遮蔽。一方面,“贬天子”体现为国家“大一统”宪制的精神根基,董仲舒提出孔子作《春秋》,王者受命于天和阴阳灾异说,接续传承古典“天道宪制”,以道统制约治统;另一方面,“通三统”作用于“大一统”宪制的制度变革,董仲舒以尊天道的王道为本,汲取历史经验和智慧,通过一整套政教制度的设计,将王道的精神渗入政治与社会,从而为汉立法。董仲舒的宪制思想不仅是为汉立法,其接续先秦六经道统,对我们认识现代中国宪制文明的精神底蕴,具有跨时代的思想意义。Constitution is the fundamental law that carries a civilized system.As a Confucian sage of the Han Dynasty,Dong Zhongshu’s constitutional ideology of“great unity”is a response to the tremendous changes in Zhou and Qin Dynasties.Different from the“great unity”in the political sense,the“great unity”in the sense of Confucian classics includes two internal dimensions:“respecting the royal court”and“detracting the emperor”.The normative restriction of monarchy’s“detracting the emperor”is actually placed within the profound meaning contained in the“respecting the royal court”dimension of“great unity”.The constitutional essence of Gongyang’s studies on The Spring and Autumn Annals is gradually obscured in later generations.On the one hand,“detracting the emperor”embodies the spiritual foundation of the country’s constitution of“great unity”,and Dong Zhongshu put forward the ideas of Confucius revising The Spring and Autumn Annals,the emperor being mandated by heaven and yin-yang as well as calamity,inheritance of classical“constitution set by way of heaven”and restricting the governing system by Confucian orthodoxy.On the other hand,“the unity of the three systems”acts on system reform of the constitution of“great unity”,and Dong Zhongshu,based on the kingly way of respecting the way of heaven,draws on historical experience and wisdom and,by designing a whole set of political and educational systems,penetrates the spirit of the kingly way into politics and society,thus legislating for the Han Dynasty.His constitutional ideology is not only helpful in legislating for the Han Dynasty,but its inheriting the Confucian orthodoxy of the Six Classics of the Pre-Qin Dynasty is of great ideological significance for us to understand the spiritual implications of the constitutional civilization of modern China.

关 键 词：董仲舒 大一统 宪制 经学 贬天子 通三统 

分 类 号：B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]