论单一法律行为在物权变动中的多重效力设计  

On the Design of Multiple Effects of Single Legal Acts in the Change of Real Rights

作　　者：龙俊[1] LONG Jun

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2024年第1期85-99,共15页China Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“民法典中动产与权利担保体系研究”(19BFX118)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：物权行为理论实现了债权行为和物权行为效力的独立判断,构建了丰富的物债区分效力组合,从历史的角度看确实非常有价值。早期的债权形式主义理论确实存在物债效力区分不足的问题。然而债权形式主义理论自从打上了处分权独立要件和法律行为部分附条件这两个补丁,就已经可以完美实现和承认与物权行为独立性相似的物债二分效果。至于物权行为无因性理论,其对于交易安全的保护并没有显著作用,“单一法律行为+善意取得+特别法上的无因性”可以实现更合理且更全面的交易安全保护效果。并且随着现代交易的发展,实践中的需求已经不限于物债效力二分,此时单一法律行为下的多重效力设计更加适应我国的现实需求。从构建统一的解释论框架的角度看,单一法律行为下的多重效力设计可以兼容我国民法典中的公示生效主义和登记对抗主义两种物权变动模式,且有利于公示功能的纯粹化和意思自治的最大化,具有显著的优越性。The theory of juristic act of real rights(das dingliche Rechtsgeschäft)achieves an independent determination of the effectiveness of creditor acts(obligatorische Rechtsgeschäfte)and judicial acts of real right(dingliche Rechtsgeschäfte),constructing a rich combination of distinctions between obligation and real right effects,which is indeed valuable from a historical perspective.Early forms of creditor formalism did face shortcomings in distinguishing between real right and obligation effects.However,since creditor formalism incorporated the independent element of disposal rights and the conditional attachment of part of a legal act,it has been able to perfectly achieve and recognize a bifurcation effect similar to the independence of judicial acts of real right.As for the abstract system of title transfer(das Abstraktionsprinzip bedeutet),it does not significantly contribute to the protection of transaction security.The combination of“a single legal act+acquisition in good faith+abstract principle under special laws”can achieve a more reasonable and comprehensive effect in protecting transaction security.Furthermore,with the development of modern transactions,practical needs have expanded beyond the bifurcation of obligation and real rights.At this point,the design of multiple effects under a single legal act is more suitable for the current needs of China.From the perspective of constructing a unified interpretative framework,the design of multiple effects under a single legal act can accommodate both the publicity effectiveness and registration opposition models of proprietary changes in the Chinese Civil Code.It is conducive to the purification of the publicity function and the maximization of party autonomy,demonstrating significant superiority.

关 键 词：物权变动 债权行为 物权行为 公示 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]