存疑有利于被告原则及司法适用  

The Principle of In Dubio Pro Reo and Judicial Application

作　　者：龙宗智[1] Long Zongzhi

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第1期65-84,共20页China Legal Science

摘　　要：存疑有利于被告原则有深厚的中外法史渊源及比较法上的根据,体现无罪推定,彰显司法人权保障,是证明责任及证明标准规范的应有之义,在我国现行法中有充分依据。适用该原则应秉持无罪推定理念,同时维系打击犯罪与保障人权的平衡。该原则的适用以穷尽取证手段为前提,事实存疑是指证明未达到证据确实、充分程度,控诉性事实因存在合理怀疑而应作出有利被告的认定,疑案除“疑罪从无”等基本处理方式外,在限制条件下可适用协商性司法方式。辩护性事实即使因证明不足而存疑点,但只要达到优势证明标准,亦应适用有利被告原则予以认定。就存在利益冲突的“对合性犯罪”、“多个致害行为一个危害后果但具体因果关系不清的案件”,以及某些程序法事实等,亦可有条件地适用有利被告原则。该原则的适用存在例外情形,包括“纯正例外”与“非纯正例外”。为指导司法操作,对司法实践中有争议问题应作出更为明确的司法解释及判例指导,同时该原则应被确认为我国刑事诉讼法及刑事证据法的基本原则。The principle of in dubio pro reo has a profound historical source of Chinese and foreign law and a comparative legal basis,embodies the presumption of innocence,manifests the judicial human rights protection,is closely related to the burden of proof and standard of proof,and has suffcient basis in the current law in China.It is a generally applicable principle of criminal evidence law,but its application has certain conditions and requirements.The doubt of the fact means that the proof has not reached the degree of hard and sufficient evidence,and the charge should be judged in favor of the accused because of the existence of a reasonable doubt.In addition to the basic handling methods such as no punishment for doubtful cases,the negotiable judicial method can be applied under the restrictive conditions.Defensive facts,even if in doubt due to insuffcient proof,should be judged by applying the principle of in dubio pro reo as long as they meet the preponderance of evidence standard.The principle of in dubio pro reo may also be conditionally applied to‘correspondence offense’,‘cases in which multiple acts lead to a single harmful consequence but the specifc causal link is unclear’,and procedural facts.At the same time,we should pay attention to the exceptions to the principle and accurately grasp its applicable conditions and methods in accordance with the law.In order to guide judicial operations,clearer judicial interpretations and case guidance should be made on certain controversial issues,and at the same time,the principle should be recognized as a basic principle of China's criminal procedure law and criminal evidence law.

关 键 词：存疑有利于被告 事实存疑 有利被告 无罪推定 司法适用 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]