证据种类法定主义的反思与重构  

Refection and Reconstruction of the Legalism of Evidence Types

作　　者：郑飞 Zheng Fei

机构地区：[1]北京交通大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第1期105-123,共19页China Legal Science

摘　　要：证据种类法定主义是大陆法系法定证据制度的逻辑起点。但由于历史与政治逻辑的时代变迁、程序运行环境的结构性变化和证据法基本原理的深化发展,证据种类法定主义在大陆法系被抛弃,逐渐从法定证据种类限制演变为取证合法性限制。中国的证据种类法定主义的立法表达是一种封闭性的法定证据种类制度,其制度动因在于便利与规范证据的分类审查判断。实践中,我国证据种类法定主义表现为将“取证合法性限制”和“真实可靠性限制”当成了“法定证据种类限制”,存在不能涵盖全部证据形式、不符合现代证据法基本原理、阻碍了法庭认识论功能的实现等问题。未来应在否定证据种类法定主义的基础上,强化法定证据种类规范功能的转向,保持证据分类审查判断的制度优势,从而重构一种半开放式列举的证据实质审查制度,以符合证据法的基本原理和事实认定的基本规律。The legalism of evidence types is the logical starting point of the system of legal proofs in the civil law system.However,due to the historical and political logic changes of the times,the structural changes of the procedure operating environment,and the deepening development of the basic principles of evidence law,the legalism of evidence types has been abandoned in the civil law system and gradually evolved from the legal restriction of evidence types to the restriction of the legality of obtaining evidence.The legislative expression of the Chinese legalism of evidence types is a system of statutory evidence types with closure,and its institutional motivation is to facilitate and standardize the classifcation review and judgment of evidence.In practice,we mistake‘the restriction of the legality of obtaining evidence’and‘real reliability restriction’as‘the legal restriction of evidence types’,which have some core dilemmas,such as not covering all types of evidence,not conforming to the basic principle of modern evidence law,and obstructing the realization of the function of the court epistemology.In the future,on the basis of negating the legalism of evidence types,it is necessary to strengthen the normalization function of statutory evidence types and maintain the system advantage of evidence classifcation review judgment,so as to reconstruct a substance review and judgment system of semi-open enumeration of evidence types in accordance with the basic principle of evidence law and the basic law of fact-fnding.

关 键 词：法定证据种类 法定证据制度 自由心证 证据分类 证据审查 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]