预防性环境民事公益诉讼中初步证明的底层逻辑与构造机理  

The underlying logic and constructive mechanism of preliminary proof in preventive environmental civil public interest litigation

作　　者：包冰锋[1] 郎莉 Bao Bingfeng;Lang Li(Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学,重庆401120

出　　处：《证据科学》2023年第6期645-659,共15页Evidence Science

基　　金：2023年度重庆市教委人文社会科学类研究项目“争点简化协议程序的理论析解与制度完善”(项目编号:23SKGH008);西南政法大学法学院2022年度学生科研创新项目“法律观点释明本土化回归”(FXY2022022)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：预防性环境民事公益诉讼在我国尚处于探索阶段,在立法层面尚未得到确认。实践中其证明规则的适用通常参照环境侵权诉讼的已有内容,要求原告在起诉阶段和本案审理阶段须分别对行为的重大风险和因果关系进行初步证明。重大风险的初步证明要求相当于建立了合理性起诉标准,不利于环境风险的及时预防和立法目的的有效实现,因此应回归可能性起诉标准,以假定重大风险确实存在替代初步证明。本案审理阶段,因果关系的证明责任应由原告承担。不同于环境侵权纠纷中仅需对特定因果关系予以证明,因缺乏科学论证,预防性环境民事公益诉讼中的一般因果关系同样需要得到证明。同时,公共利益的抽象性、风险的重大性和预防的及时性共同决定了原告仅需承担因果关系的初步证明责任,也有利于平衡双方当事人的诉讼地位。In China,preventive environmental civil public interest litigation is still in its infancy and has not yet received legislative recognition.In practice,such litigation's proof,which typically references the environmental tort litigation's requirement,requires the plaintiff to provide preliminary proof of the defendant's conduct's significant risk in the complaint and to prove causation at trial.Preliminary proof of significant risk literally requires a standard of plausibility,which is counterproductive in the timely prevention of the environmental tortious risk and the realization of the legislative intent.Therefore,the probability standard ought to be reinstated,and the preliminary proof should be substituted with the proof of presumptive existence of significant risk.At trial,the burden of proof of causation shall be borne by the plaintiff.Unlike environmental tort litigation which only requires a proof of specific causation,preventive environmental civil public interest litigation additionally,due to the lack of scientific proof,requires a proof of general causation.At the same time,due to the abstract nature of the public interest,the seriousness of the risk,and the imminence of prevention,the plaintiff merely needs bear the burden of preliminary proof of causation.Such proof burden allocation is advantageous to balance party's litigation status.

关 键 词：预防性环境民事公益诉讼 初步证明 起诉标准 证明责任倒置 因果关系推定 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]