黔东苗语程度副词的语法功能与相关来源  

Grammatical Functions and Related Sources of Degree Adverbs in Qiandong Miao Language

作　　者：张成[1] ZHANG Cheng(Faculty of Arts GuizhouMinzu University,Guiyang 550025,Guizhou,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州民族大学文学院,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《安顺学院学报》2024年第1期56-62,共7页Journal of Anshun University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“基于‘世界语言结构地图集’的中国少数民族语言类型研究”(17ZDA310);贵州省哲学社会科学基金青年项目“贵州苗族语言生态调查研究”(20GZQN14);国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“中国苗语方言地图集”(21&ZD302)。

摘　　要：黔东苗语的程度副词有两类,分别为相对程度副词和绝对程度副词,均修饰形容词或限制性动词,是程度增量的语义表征。语法上,黔东苗语程度副词具有比较功能、凸显功能和描摹功能,对事物或动作状态或程度的比较、凸显或描摹。语序上有前置型和后置型两种,即“S+Adj+Adv”和“S+Adv+Adj”,前者为苗语固有的语序,后者为借用汉语的语序,是语言接触下语法扩散的结果。程度副词属虚词成分,由实词语法化而来,通过语义扩散、结构重组等方式体现出来。语法化路径有三个,其一由实义动词语法化而来,其二为形容词语法化而来,其三为数量结构语法化而来,每个路径均有不同的特征。语法化的动因有两种,即内在动因和外在动因,内在动因包括语义扩散和语法固化,外在动因包括语言接触和语用变化等;语法化机制有类推、重新分析、隐喻和转喻、语法复制。This paper discusses degree adverbs in Qiandong Miao Language,and investigates their structural features,grammatical function word order types,grammaticalization path and mechanism.It argues that there are two types of adverbs of degree in Qiandong Miao Language,which are relative adverbs of degree and absolute adverbs of degree.Both of them modify adjectives or restrictive verbs,and are semantic representations of degree increments.In terms of grammar,Qiandong Miao adverbs of degree have the function of comparison,prominence and description,which can compare,highlight or describe the state or degree of things or actions.There are two kinds of word order:pre type and post type,that is"S+Adj+Adv"and"S+Adv+Adj".The former is the inherent word order of Miao language,while the latter is borrowed from Chinese,which is the result of grammatical diffusion under language contact.Adverbs of degree belong to function word components,which are derived from the grammaticization of content words and embodied by means of semantic diffusion and structural recombination.There are three grammaticalization paths.One is grammaticalization of meaningful verbs,the other is grammaticalization of adjectives,and the third is grammaticalization of quantitative structures.Each path has different characteristics.The causes of grammaticalization include language contact and pragmatic change.The mechanisms of grammaticalization include analogy,reanalysis,metaphor and metonymy,and grammatical replication.

关 键 词：黔东苗语 程度副词 语序类型 语法化路径 动因与机制 

分 类 号：H216[语言文字—少数民族语言]