行政处罚与行政罚的关系之解  

Explanation on the Relationship between Administrative Punishement and Administrative Penalty

作　　者：王明喆 WANG Mingzhe(Nanjing Normal University Law School)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院 [2]南京师范大学中国法治现代化研究院

出　　处：《法学家》2024年第2期14-27,191,192,共16页The Jurist

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“行政义务实效性确保手段的多元化与规范化研究”(23YJC820036)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：行政处罚是我国实定法和学理上的重要概念,它与德日行政法上的行政罚概念并不相同。行政罚概念在德国最先由戈尔德施密特提出,经美浓部达吉等人介绍传入日本,并对我国民国时期行政法学产生重要影响。新中国建立后,行政罚概念被行政处罚取代,二者虽仅有一字之差,但内涵并不相同。行政罚是指对违反行政义务的行为科处的法律制裁,其“行政性”体现在处罚对象的违反行政性。行政处罚是行政机关对社会危害性较小的不法行为科处的法律制裁,其“行政性”体现在处罚主体与处罚程序的行政性。我国的行政处罚概念是受到苏联法学影响的产物。在德日法上,真正与我国行政处罚类似的,不是传统意义上的行政罚,而是目前德国法上以《违反秩序法》为核心建构起的德国版“行政处罚”制度。厘清行政处罚与行政罚的区别,有助于理解我国行政处罚的概念,探究行政违法行为与犯罪的区别,有益于比较法研究的精细化。Administrative punishment is an important concept in China's actual law and academic theory.It is different from the administrative penalty concept in German and Japanese administrative laws.The concept of administrative penalty was first put forward by Goldschmidt in Germany and introduced to Japan by Tatsukichi Minobe and others,which had an important impact on the administrative law in the period of the Republic of China.After the establishment of New China,the concept of administrative penalty was replaced by administrative punishment.Although there was only a one word difference between the two,their connotations were not the same.Administrative penalty refers to the legal sanction against the violation of administrative obligation.The"administrative nature"of the concept of administrative penalty is reflected in the nature of violation of administrative obligation of the object of penalty.Administrative punishment is a kind of legal sanction imposed by the administrative organ on the illegal acts which are less harmful to the society.Its"administrative nature"is embodied in the administrative nature of the subject and procedure of punishment.The concept of administrative punishment in China is a product of the influence of Soviet law.In German and Japanese law,what is really similar to China's administrative punishment is not the administrative penalty in the traditional sense,but the German version of the"administrative punishment"system based on the"Law concerning the Violation of Order".Clarifying the differences between administrative penalty and administrative punishment helps to understand the concept of administrative punishenment in China,explore the differences between administrative illegal acts and crimes,and contribute to the refinement of comparative law research.

关 键 词：行政处罚 行政罚 行政犯 违反行政义务 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]