耐辐射奇球菌的极端辐射抗性机制及其潜在利用  

Radiation-resistance mechanism and potential utilization of extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans

作　　者：查青乔 赵烨 ZHA QingQiao;ZHAO Ye(MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis&Protection,Institute of Biophysics,College of Life Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学生命科学学院,生命系统稳态与保护教育部重点实验室,杭州310058

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2024年第3期469-481,共13页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:32222001)资助。

摘　　要：耐辐射奇球菌被誉为“地球上最顽强的细菌”,能够在超高剂量的电离辐射、长时间干旱以及外太空等极端环境中存活,其电离辐射耐受性为人类细胞的数千倍.研究表明,这种惊人的能力来源于耐辐射奇球菌所具有的超强DNA损伤修复能力以及多种高效抗氧化系统的协同作用,使其能够将同一个基因组中同时产生的高达100个以上的DNA双链断裂在数十小时内进行高效而精准的修复.因此,耐辐射奇球菌成为目前研究DNA损伤修复的重要模式生物之一.本文主要阐述了耐辐射奇球菌的起源、细胞结构特征、DNA双链断裂修复机制以及抗氧化系统,展现了其对于极端环境的适应机制,并对其在放疗和基础生物学研究、抗逆调控元件的开发以及放射性核素富集等领域的应用前景进行了展望.Deinococcus radiodurans,known as“the most tenacious bacteria on Earth”,can survive under extreme environments such as high doses of ionizing radiation,prolonged desiccation,and outer space.D.radiodurans can tolerate up to 15 kGyγ-radiation,which is more than 3000 times that of human cells.Aided by various experimental techniques,researchers have revealed that such robustness comes from the superior DNA damage repair capability and the synergy of multiple highly effective antioxidant systems of D.radiodurans.Therefore it can efficiently and accurately repair up to 100 double strand breaks produced simultaneously in the same genome within tens of hours,serving as an important model organism for studying DNA damage repair.In this article,the evolution,cell structures,DNA damage repair mechanisms,and antioxidant systems of D.radiodurans are reviewed,the strategies for its adaptation to extreme environments are shown,and the potential applications in radiotherapy and basic biological research,developments of stress-resistant elements,and radionuclide enrichment are discussed.

关 键 词：极端微生物 辐射抗性 双链断裂 耐辐射奇球菌 应用微生物 

分 类 号：Q937[生物学—微生物学]