清代科场及书院课试中的“经解”文体  

Interpretation of Confucian Classics:An Emerging Type of Writing in Imperial Examinations and Local Academies'Civil Examinations of the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：胡琦 Hu Qi(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期134-143,共10页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：明清时期,八股时文以其无益经史实学颇受批评。由此,在特科、优拔贡、学政院试等制度下考试“经解”之文,成为救正举业之弊的一种策略。科场中别设经学之试,兴于乾隆初年,初本出于清廷推广康熙御纂经注之需要,体制亦近于策问;后逐渐演化为颇有汉学色彩的经学阐释文,嘉道以降,在阮元等学官的推动下,成为地方书院授学课文中常见的文体。至晚清,此类课试催生出通俗应考读物,经解文体亦出现套路化的倾向,反过来又成为一种新的“俗学”。由清代科场中“经解”文体的产生和演进,可以窥见官方文化政策、经学研究与士人教育间的复杂互动。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the eight-part essays for imperial examinations(八股时文),which were the core of the imperial and civil examinations,were often criticized for failing to reflect the candidates'knowledge of Confucian classics and history.Therefore,interpretation of Confucian classics(经解)as a type of writing was introduced to serve as complementary and remedial strategies at different levels of examinations in the mid-Qing Dynasty.Beginning in the early years under the reign of Emperor Qianlong(隆),this examination form was originally used to promote the imperial annotated versions of Confucian classics authorized by Emperor Kangxi(康熙),and was formally similar to the question-and-answer type of writing(策间),another long-prevalent exam-method.Afterwards,the question-and-answer type of writing gradually evolved into a specific explanatory writing of Confucian classics(经学阐释文),which was aimed at explaining difficult words and phrases in the Confucian classic texts,with a flavor of Han Learning.During the periods under the reign of Emperor Jiaqing(嘉庆)and Emperor Daoguang(道光),explanatory writing of Confucian classics gained popularity in local academies of classic learning under the promotion of Ruan Yuan(阮元)and other provincial education commissioners.Ironically,imperial examinations by means of interpretation of Confucian classics,just like those by means of eight-part essays,also led to a tendency of stereotyped writing pattern,and triggered the production of popular guidebooks for examinations in the late Qing Dynasty.Through the emergence and evolution of such a type of writing as interpretation of Confucian classics for imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty,we can see the complex interactions among cultural policies,study of Confucian classics,and local elite education.

关 键 词：经解 科举考试 汉学 书院 课艺 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]