孔子“以直报怨”思想研究——兼论孔子是否反对“以德报怨”  

Confucius'Thought on"Rendering Justice for Evil":Whether Confucius Opposed"Rendering Good for Evil"

作　　者：冯国超[1] FENG Guochao(Institute of Philosophy,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院哲学研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第2期109-118,共10页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：据《论语·宪问》,孔子主张“以直报怨”,而对“以德报怨”则并未明确表示赞成或反对。通过考察《论语》中关于“直”、“怨”的各种论述,结合历代学者的相关观点,可以得出:“以直报怨”中的“直”,应该包含诚实、无私、符合通权达变原则的正直、等值、合乎礼的直率等丰富的含义;“以德报怨”的情况比较复杂,其中有的体现了人们不计前嫌、公而忘私的高尚品德,有的则反映了一些人的虚伪和充满私心的算计,因此,对于“以德报怨”,我们不能简单地予以肯定或否定;“以直报怨”既包含“以德报怨”中值得肯定或提倡的内容,又包含“以德报怨”中所没有的对怨恨对象采取相应报复措施的内容,因此是一种更为全面、合理的报怨方式。According to the chapter of"Xian's Questions"in The Analects of Confucius,Confucius advocated"rendering justice for evil",but he didn't explicitly express an approval or disapproval attitude towards"rendering good for evil".So far,there have been many controversies among scholars over the exact meaning of"rendering justice for evil"and over how"rendering good for evil"should be viewed correctly,and no definitive explanation has been found to date.The author,through examining various discussions about"justice"and"evil"in The Analects of Confucius,and combining with the relevant views of scholars from past generations,points out three ideas as follows:Firstly,the"justice"in""rendering justice for evil"should contain a wide range of meanings of honesty,selflessness,rectitude that conforms to the principle of general rights and changes,equivalence,and straightforwardness in accordance with courtesy.Secondly,the situations of"rendering good for evil"are rather complicated.Some of them reflect people's noble quality of forgetting their past grudges and are public-minded,while others reflect the hypocrisy,affectation,and selfish calculations in the character of people.Therefore,we cannot generalize the right and wrong of"rendering good for evil".Lastly,"rendering justice for evil"contains not only the content that is worth affirming or advocating in"rendering good for evil",but also covers the content of taking corresponding retaliatory measures against the object of a grudge that is not found in"rendering good for evil",which makes it a more comprehensive and reasonable way of repaying evil.

关 键 词：孔子 直 怨 以直报怨 以德报怨 

分 类 号：B222.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]