西欧中世纪晚期战争伦理的“国家转向”——论奥诺雷·博内的战争伦理观  

The “National Turn” of the War Ethics in the Late Middle Ages:On Honoré Bonet's War Ethics Theory

作　　者：卢兆瑜 王冬 LU Zhao-yu;WANG Dong(School of History and Archive,Yunnan University,Kuming,Yunnan,650091;China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations,Institute of European Studies,Beijing,100081,China)

机构地区：[1]云南大学历史与档案学院,云南昆明650091 [2]中国现代国际关系研究院,欧洲研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《史学集刊》2024年第3期104-117,共14页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“世界历史上主要文明之间的比较、互动与互鉴研究”(22&ZD249)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：西欧中世纪晚期在战争领域出现了“礼崩乐坏”的局面。1387年奥诺雷·博内在《战争之树》一书中阐述了新的战争伦理观点。他抛弃了自奥古斯丁以来的“战争性恶说”,宣扬“战争性善说”;贬抑传统封建骑士的战争功绩,突出平民参战的必要性和优越性,并阐明平民的战争责任;主张以胜利为导向,抛弃或弱化战争中的道德限制。究其实质,奥诺雷·博内立足于主权政治的趋势,从国家视角评估战争的合法性与正当性,颠覆了中世纪传统的战争伦理观。同时,奥诺雷·博内的新学说范式也受到其他理论学说的制约而不至极端化。近代以来,西方战争伦理在关于“博内范式”的正反相持中不断演进。In the realm of warfare,the late medieval Western Europe experienced a situation in which rituals collapsed.In 1387,Honoré Bonet published The Tree of Battles,and expound some new ethics of war.He abandoned the theory of the evil nature of war since the time of St.Augustine and advocated the theory of the good nature of war.He belittled the war efficacy of traditional feudal knights,highlighted the necessity and role of common people in the war,and clarified their war responsibility.He insisted on taking victory as the guide and abandoned or weakened the moral restrictions in the war.In essence,under the tendency of sovereignty politics in the late middle ages,Honoré Bonet assessed the legality and legitimacy of war from the national perspective,thus he overturned the tradition of war ethics in medieval Europe.However,Honoré Bonet's new theoretical paradigm was also constrained by a series of other theories and not to be extreme.Since modern times,the Western ethics of war have continuously evolved in the process of debating the pros and cons of the said paradigm.

关 键 词：奥诺雷·博内 《战争之树》 中世纪 战争伦理 “国家转向” 

分 类 号：D03[政治法律—政治学] K56[历史地理—历史学] K095.6[历史地理—世界史] B82-05[哲学宗教—伦理学]