司法类案运用的困境及突破  

The Dilemmas and Breakthroughs of Applying Similar Cases in Adjudication

作　　者：孙海波 SUN Haibo

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学比较法学研究院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第3期174-183,共10页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“共建共治共享社会治理法治化的程序保障机制研究”(项目编号:20AFX003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：实践中类案不同判的问题日益严峻,严重损害了司法公正和司法权威,中国特色案例制度的建立就旨在解决这一问题。类案运用在统一法律适用方面虽取得了一定成效,但仍面临诸多问题,需从观念、制度和方法上扫清障碍。为此要明确不同类型案例的效力指向,指导性案例效力的特殊性源自受较强形式权威与理性权威的共同保障,其他案例的规范性效力更多由其内在的实质合理性所塑造。在类案运用过程中,需要贯彻类比的比较思维,尤其是学会准确判断案例之间的相似性,只有确证前案与后案存在实质相似性才获得了运用类案的基本前提。参照类案时应将类案视为一个有机整体,把裁判规则与案件事实、判决理由及法律适用联结起来,以裁判规则限制法官的裁量恣意。此外,还应注意类案同判原则具有限度,要正确对待司法裁判的多样化和差异性,避免僵化地将这一司法理想推向极端。The problem of“like cases are not treated alike”in judicial practice is becoming increasingly severe,seriously damaging judicial fairness and authority.The establishment of case system with Chinese characteristics aims to solve this problem.The applying of similar cases has achieved certain results in the unification of the application of the law,but it still faces many problems that need to be cleared from conceptual,institutional and methodological perspectives.To this end,it is necessary to clarify the effectiveness direction of different types of cases.The specificity of the effectiveness of guiding cases stems from the joint guarantee of strong formal authority and rational authority,while the normative force of other cases is more shaped by their inherent substantive rationality.In the process of applying similar cases,it is necessary to implement a comparative thinking of analogy,especially to learn to accurately judge the similarity between cases.Only by confirming the substantive similarity between the previous case and the subsequent case can the basic premise of applying similar cases be obtained.When referring to similar cases,they should be regarded as an organic whole,and the rule of decision should be linked to the facts of the case,the reasons for the decision,and the application of law,so as to limit the judge’s arbitrariness.In addition,attention should also be paid to the limitations of the principle of“like cases should be treated alike”,and it is necessary to correctly treat the diversity and differences of judicial decisions,and avoid rigidly pushing this judicial ideal to the extreme.

关 键 词：指导性案例 类案同判 类比思维 裁判规则 判例制度 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学]