汉语方言“说”类语气词的功能类型及其形成  

Functional Types and Formation of the Saying-Type Modal Particles in Chinese Dialects

作　　者：金龙 JIN Long(Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities,East China Normal University)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学思勉人文高等研究院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第2期208-227,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“汉语分析性词汇语法特征的历时演变研究”(21BYYO32);中央高校基本科研业务费项目华东师范大学青年预研究项目“基于传教士文献的台州方言词汇语法研究”(2022ECNU-YYJ064)资助。

摘　　要：汉语方言中“说”类语气词的功能纷繁多样。本文基于句类、语义特征,将汉语方言“说”类语气词的功能概括为五种口气:肯定、意外、确认、究问和反问,并论证指出肯定和意外为原型功能,其来源是言说动词的示证功能。从示证功能到不置可否的中性口气,再发展为肯定口气和意外口气,并衍生出其他功能,是言说动词的进一步语法化、主观化。其形成机制是句法位置、语境吸收以及语用迁移等因素共同作用下的重新分析。本文在以往研究的基础上进一步提出:1)“说”类示证标记不仅存在由“不知”到“意外”的主观化路径,还存在由“知情”到“肯定”的另一路径;2)在前一条路径中,意外标记还可以进一步发展为疑问标记和反问标记。In Chinese dialects,such as Wu,Xiang,Gan,Min,Hakka,Cantonese,Southwest Mandarin,Jianghuai Mandarin,and those spoken in Northwestern China,modal particles derived from SAY verbs are common.They include monosyllabic verbs like shuo(说),jiang(讲),hua(话),complex structures like huadao(话道),jiaosha(叫啥),yi jiang(伊讲),and sound combinations like wa()and ka(咖).The functions of saying-type modal particles in Chinese dialects are numerous and varied.Based on data from 39 dialect points,this paper categorizes the functions of the modal particles into five types based on sentence types and semantic features:affirmative tone,mirative tone,confirmation tone,inquiry tone,and rhetorical tone.Subsequently,the paper examines these five functions from the perspectives of semantic function,sentence type distribution,core characteristics,and entailment,suggesting that affirmative and mirative tone represent the prototypical functions,while confirmation,inquiry and rhetorical tones are derived from these two prototype tones within other sentence types.The paper primarily discusses the formation of saying-type modal particles.The functions of mirativity and affirmation originate from the evidential function.There are two paths of subjectivization for saying-type evidential markers:when it conveys the information that the speaker knows in advance or expects,it develops into an affirmative modal particle;when it conveys the unexpected information that the speaker doesn't know in advance,it develops into a mirativity modal particle.These cognitive motivations underlie the evolution of saying-type modal particles.The formation mechanism is reanalysis under the influence of syntactic positions and context absorption.When conveying information that surprises or affirms the speaker,modal particles are not mandatory within sentences.Therefore,as the objectivity of evidential markers weakens,they are subsequently reanalyzed as affirmative or mirative mood particles,acquiring subjectivity.Affirmative and mirative tones can furthe

关 键 词：言说动词 语气词 示证 意外 肯定 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]