周代的修身之道学说——兼论“君子之道”与“真人之道”之互补  

The Doctrine of Self-Cultivation in the Zhou Dynasty—On the Complementary Relationship between “the Way of a Gentleman” and “the Way of a True Person”

作　　者：祁志祥 Qi Zhixiang

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学人文艺术研究院

出　　处：《艺术传播研究》2024年第3期15-27,共13页Journal of Art Communication

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“‘人的觉醒’:周代思想的启蒙景观”(编号:ZXA048)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：周代是一个重视“人道”的时代。周代探讨的“人道”包括修身济世、内圣外王之道。周人认为,修身的最高理想是超凡入圣。但成为“圣人”是很难的,退而求其次,则“内圣”之道集中表现为“君子之道”。周朝以仁德治天下,“君子之道”学说应运而生。儒家在继承、综合西周德治思想的基础上,进一步构建了“君子之道”。“君子之道”是进德修善之道,所修道德主要是“仁”“义”“礼”“智”“信”“孝”。道家以清虚无为的道德取代儒家仁义礼智的道德,主张归真返朴、清虚无为,其修身之道主要表现为“真人之道”。周人修身以儒家积极进取的“君子之道”为主,而道家虚静无为的“真人之道”则是补充和平衡,二者构成了周人“修身之道”的完整形态,奠定了后世中国士大夫儒道互补的“内圣”方式,对于今天的艺术从业人员及社会大众以道德自律、塑造崇高人格具有重要启示意义。The Zhou Dynasty was an era that attaches great importance to“humanity”.The“humanity”discussed in the Zhou Dynasty includes the ways of cultivating oneself and benefiting the world,as well as the principles of inner sanctification and outer kingship.The people of Zhou believed that the highest ideal of self-cultivation is to become extraordinary and holy.But becoming a“sage”is difficult,and if we prioritize it,the path of“inner sage”is concentrated in the path of a“gentleman”.The Zhou Dynasty ruled the world with benevolence and virtue,and the theory of“the way of a gentleman”emerged.On the basis of inheriting and synthesizing the West Zhou’s rule of virtue,Confucianism further constructed the path of a gentleman.“The way of a gentleman”is to cultivate virtue and goodness,with the main principles of morality being“benevolence”,“righteousness”,“propriety”,“wisdom”,“faith”,and“filial piety”.Taoism replaced the Confucian moral values of benevolence,righteousness,propriety,and wisdom with the moral values of emptiness and inaction,advocating for returning to simplicity and authenticity,and practicing emptiness and inaction.Its path of self-cultivation is mainly manifested as the path of the true person.The self-cultivation of the Zhou people was mainly based on the proactive and enterprising“way of a gentleman”of Confucianism,while the“way of a real person”of Taoism,which is characterized by emptiness and inaction,is complementary and balanced.The two constitute the complete form of the Zhou people’s“self-cultivation path”,laying the foundation for the complementary“inner sage”way of Confucianism and Taoism among later Chinese literati.This has important implications for today’s art practitioners and the general public to cultivate moral self-discipline and noble personalities.

关 键 词：周代“人道” 修身之道 君子之道 真人之道 

分 类 号：K224[历史地理—历史学] B825[历史地理—中国史]