乐观本体论、混沌宇宙观与进步不稳定性——谭嗣同的《仁学》与章太炎的回应  

Ontological Optimism,Chaotic Cosmology and Progressive Instability:Tan Sitong's Renxue and Zhang Taiyan's Response

作　　者： 徐小芳(译) Viren Murthy;XU Xiaofang(translated)(Department of History,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,Wisconsin 53711,USA;School of Law,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]威斯康辛州立大学麦迪逊校区历史系,威斯康辛麦迪逊53711 [2]华中科技大学法学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《杭州师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期29-44,70,共17页Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项项目“民族自治地方社会治理现代化的机理与路径研究”(22VMZ006);华中科技大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地专项项目“铸牢中华民族共同体意识的传统法文化内涵研究”(2021ZLXJ003)的研究成果。

摘　　要：《仁学》在西方学者眼中是中国历史上最早以中国古典文献对现代西方哲学和科学框架重新诠释的作品,在中国学者笔下这是近代中国新儒学哲学体系融入现代性全球主义的一次大胆尝试,以求能与当时的国际社会在同一维度上对话。然而《仁学》中谭嗣同以其进化最终带来自由的乐观本体论为导向,援引佛教和道教中对有限性的传统解决方案,提出了超越时间的绝对平等观,这一观念遭到了章太炎的批驳。在章太炎看来,进化最终没有超越混沌,相反,它起源于时间世界,且必须有法律之限制,即基于法之平等与等级,官员和国家试图在此基础上将突发事件和混沌合理化。通过对二人不同哲学观的梳理与对比,清晰反映了那一时期的士人对近代中国传统儒家哲学观念转向的尝试与辩论,这对于归纳传统中国儒家的哲学理念具有一定的参考价值与意义。In the eyes of Western scholars,Renxue is the earliest work in Chinese history to reinterpret modern Western philo⁃sophical and scientific frameworks in the light of classical Chinese texts,and in the eyes of Chinese scholars,it is a bold attempt to incorporate the neo-Confucian philosophical system of modern China into the globalism of modernity in order to be able to speak at the same latitude as the international discourse of the time.However,in Renxue,Tan Sitong,oriented by his optimistic ontology that evolution ultimately brings freedom,invokes the traditional solutions to finitude in Buddhism and Taoism to put forward a concept of absolute equality that transcends time,a notion that was refuted by Zhang Taiyan.In Zhang's view,evolu⁃tion does not ultimately transcend chaos;rather it originates in the temporal world and must be limited by law,i.e.,based on the equality and hierarchy of the law on the basis of which officials and the state attempt to rationalize contingency and chaos.The paper's compilation and comparison of the philosophical views formed from the different ontological perspectives of the two can clearly witness the attempts and debates of the scholars of that period to turn to the philosophical concepts of traditional Confu⁃cianism in modern China,which also has certain reference value and significance for the summarization of the philosophical con⁃cepts of traditional Confucianism in China.

关 键 词：章太炎 乐观本体论 谭嗣同《仁学》 混沌宇宙观 进步不稳定性 

分 类 号：B259[哲学宗教—中国哲学]