周代酒精神的演变脉络——以《诗经》为中心的考察  

On the Evolution of Attitude Towards Alcohol in the Zhou Dynasty:Centered on The Classic of Poetry

作　　者：贡华南[1] Gong Huanan

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所暨哲学系,上海200241

出　　处：《管子学刊》2024年第2期56-68,共13页GuanZi Journal

基　　金：贵州省2020年度哲学社会科学规划国学单列重大课题“中国酒精神研究”(20GZGX04)。

摘　　要：从以抵抗酒的礼乐精神立国,到不断无礼饮酒而致使礼崩乐坏,周王朝的命运始终与酒捆绑在一起。从《颂》《雅》到《风》,《诗经》清晰地反映了西周以来对酒态度的变化,周文化随着饮酒精神的变化而呈现同步演变。周公制定《酒诰》,确立了周人饮酒的精神基调。从《周颂》《大雅》中祭祀饮酒、孝亲饮酒,到《小雅》《风》中私人宴饮,从以礼饮酒到以酒解忧、以酒和乐,饮酒由公共事务逐渐变为个体行为,酒的功能也逐渐由口腹享受转变为调理身心。为悦友或解忧等私人性饮酒、醉酒逐渐增多,既远离《酒诰》精神,也不断冲击着礼乐制度。特别是随着宴饮频繁举行,人们对醉酒的态度由规避到接受,甚至饮酒不醉反被耻笑,对醉酒的态度完全被颠覆。酒逸出礼乐之外,标志着周朝的制度与精神双重解体。如何安顿张扬欲望而充满反叛性的酒,成为春秋以降的时代课题。From establishing the nation based on resisting alcohol in ritual and music to the collapse of rituals and music caused by excessive drinking,the fate of the Zhou Dynasty has always been intertwined with alcohol.The Classic of Poetry,from Court Hymn,Eulogy to Ballad,vividly reflects the changing attitudes towards alcohol since the Western Zhou Dynasty,demonstrating the synchronous evolution of the Zhou alongside the spirit of drinking.Duke of Zhou formulated Jiu Gao,establishing the spiritual tone of drinking for the Zhou people.From the sacrificial rituals and filial drinking in Zhou Song and Greater Odes of the Kingdom to the private banquets and personal drinking in Minor Odes of the Kingdom and Ballad,drinking gradually shifted from a public affair to an individual behavior,and the functions of alcohol gradually transformed from mere gustatory enjoyment to recuperating body and mind.The increasing prevalence of private drinking,intoxication for pleasure or solace,moved away from the spirit of Jiu Gao and continuously challenged the system of ritual and music.In particular,with banquets held more frequently,attitudes towards drunkenness shifted from avoidance to acceptance and even being ridiculed for not getting drunken,which completely subverted the attitude towards intoxication.The emergence of alcohol outside the realm of ritual and music marked the dual disintegration of the system and spirit of Zhou Dynasty.How to accommodate the assertive and rebellious nature of alcohol which is filled with desires,became a significant issue in the Spring and Autumn period and beyond.

关 键 词：《诗经》 饮酒 醉 不醉反耻 酒精神 

分 类 号：B221[哲学宗教—中国哲学]