改进鱼类营养和饲料研究范式:从大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料在养殖生产中的应用谈起  

Paradigm shift of fish nutrition and feed:the necessity revealed by the application of formulated feed in Micropterus salmoides and Larimichthys crocea farming

作　　者：王岩[1] WANG Yan(Ocean College,Zhejiang University,Zhoushan 316021,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学海洋学院,浙江舟山316021

出　　处：《水产学报》2024年第4期77-95,共19页Journal of Fisheries of China

基　　金：国家重点研发项目(2020YFD0900803);舟山市科技计划项目(2019C81054);国家自然科学基金(31772868);浙江省重点研发项目(2018C02033)。

摘　　要：鱼类营养和饲料研究起始于20世纪50年代,并借鉴对人类和畜、禽营养研究的经验建立了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究遵循已有的范式取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖产业面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更多和更高的要求。养殖生产实践表明,根据一些肉食性鱼类营养和饲料研究结果设计配方生产的饲料不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着遵循已有研究范式所得到的结果难以完全满足现代鱼类养殖生产的需要。本文总结了两种具有重要经济价值的肉食性鱼类(大口黑鲈和大黄鱼)配合饲料在养殖生产中应用的曲折历程,指出早期研究明显低估了饲料蛋白水平是导致配合饲料长期无法在养殖生产中成功应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400~440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450~470 g/kg,但投喂配合饲料的鱼的生长明显比投喂冰鲜鱼的鱼慢。重新评估发现大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求分别为480~510 g/kg和490~520 g/kg,投喂含适量蛋白的配合饲料时鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时接近。对大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求的明显低估反映出已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式中存在不足,其表现为:①强调食物对鱼类生长的影响,但忽视了鱼类遗传背景和食物外的其他环境条件对鱼类生长和摄食的作用;②强调鱼类个体生长可反映其营养需求和饲料质量,但忽视了鱼类个体生长并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益;③强调生长和饲料利用效率在评价水产养殖效益方面的重要性,但忽视了投饵养殖对自然资源和环境所产生的负面影响是限制水产养殖可持续发展的瓶颈;④基础饲料配方对评价营养需The research on fish nutrition and feed started in 1950s,and the paradigm in this field was established based on that of researches targeting human beings and terrestrial animals.In the past seven decades,based on the paradigm,researches on fish nutrition and feed generated a great amount of valuable data,which promoted the fast development of technology,production and industry of aqua-feed.Challenges of natural resource depletion and environmental pollution to aquaculture industry has been growing with the worldwide expansion of aquaculture scale,and farming practices always raise more and higher demands or standards on aqua-feed.It is widely noted that the formulated feed designed on basis of the research on nutrition and feed for some carnivorous fish species cannot be used in commercial fish farming with success.The fact reveals that results of fish nutrition and feed research conducted following the current paradigm cannot well meet the demand of modern finfish aquaculture.In this paper,the author reviews results of the researches about nutrient requirement and dietary fish meal replacement for Micropterus salmoides and Larimichthys crocea,two carnivorous fish species with commercial importance in inland finfish aquaculture and marine finfish aquaculture in both the world and China.The application of formulated feed in commercial farming of M.salmoides and L.crocea is full of twists and turns,and these fishes had to be fed with raw fish diet for a long period due to the formulated feed did not provide fast growth displayed by the fish fed with raw fish diet.At present,it is known the poor growth of M.salmoides and L.crocea fed with the formulated feed was attributed to the obviously underestimated dietary protein levels.Earlier studies reported that the optimal dietary protein level was 400-440 g/kg for M.salmoides,and 450-470 g/kg for L.crocea.Latter studies reassessed dietary protein requirements of these fishes,and revealed the optimal protein levels for M.salmoides and L.crocea are 480-510 g/kg and 490-5

关 键 词：大口黑鲈 大黄鱼 配合饲料 范式 饲料蛋白需求 饲料鱼粉替代 生长 

分 类 号：S963.7[农业科学—水产养殖]