“有机合成工业复合体”与毒气战的兴起——以德国化学家弗里茨·哈伯为中心的考察  

Fritz Haber,the Complex of Organic-Synthetic Industry and the Rise of Gas Warfare

作　　者：孙思清 柯遵科 SUN Siqing;KE Zunke(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2024年第5期80-90,共11页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“近代以来的科技进步与社会变迁”(项目编号:22VLS017);中国科学院对外合作与交流专项“老科学家精神故事审核及老科学家命名科技攻关突击队活动策划”(项目编号:E3E90902)。

摘　　要：19世纪后半叶德国化学工业迅猛发展,大学、学会和公司等组成“有机合成工业复合体”,李比希、霍夫曼、费舍尔、哈伯等化学家在其中发挥了重要作用。有机合成工业复合体为德国在一战中使用毒气战提供了物质基础和保障。哈伯对德国人和军人的身份认同,并未受到其犹太血统的影响,他认为发动毒气战可使一战尽早结束。然而,英、法、美等国也迅速研制和使用毒气,毒气战成为一战中极其残酷而恐怖的一幕。一战又被称为“化学家的战争”,毒气战使哈伯等化学家应负的社会和伦理责任更加突显,值得深入分析和讨论。The German chemical industry developed rapidly in the second half of the 19th century,German Universities,societies and companies agglomerated into the complex of organic-synthetic industry.The leading German chemists such as Liebig,Hofmann,Fischer and Haber played an important role in this process.The complex of organic-synthetic industry made it possible for Germany to begin the gas warfare in the World War I.Haber abandoned his Jewish ancestry and identified himself as the German soldier.He believed that the gas warfare will end the First World War earlier.Britain,France and the United States also developed and used chemical weapons quickly,and the Chemical Warfare was extremely cruel and terrible.The First World War is also known as“the Chemist’s War”.This paper finally discusses the ethical questions and social responsibilities the chemists must face up to.

关 键 词：有机合成工业复合体 一战 弗里茨·哈伯 毒气战 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学] R136.3[医药卫生—劳动卫生]