欧盟对华人权外交的历史演进与中欧关系  

The Evolution of the EU’s Human Rights Diplomacy toward China and China-EU Relations

作　　者：严骁骁 Yan Xiaoxiao

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院国际问题研究所,上海200020

出　　处：《国际论坛》2024年第3期79-98,158,共21页International Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“中美竞争背景下欧洲战略自主建设的动态研究”(项目批准号:21BGJ050)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：始于20世纪90年代初的欧盟对华人权外交经历了四个时期。1990年至1997年,期望借助人权问题建构其“规范性力量”角色的欧盟启动了对华人权外交,把人权议题纳入双边关系作为对华政策的基调。1998年至2006年,由于欧盟在联合国人权委员会上对华提案的连续挫败、成员国在对华关系中的不同利益偏好,以及欧盟对华接触战略重心的改变,欧盟对华人权外交进入了缓和期。2007年开始,迫于人权非政府组织的压力、欧洲议会职权的扩大,以及中国更深入地参与联合国人权机制建设造成的欧盟影响力下降,欧盟对华人权外交的程度再度上升。2016年之后,欧盟对接触中国的方式进行了战略性调整,在规范性议题上,把强化人权外交作为接触“制度性对手”中国的主要手段,扩充了对华人权外交的政策工具。从整体上看,欧盟对华人权外交对中欧关系的负面影响远大于正面,欧盟在对华政策中将人权议题政治化和意识形态化,借用人权议题来达成对内和对外的实用主义目标。目前,欧盟正在通过将人权议题与贸易、科技等专业领域挂钩来强化其作为人权推动者的角色,在强调对华关系“去风险”话语转向的加持下,这将给未来的中欧关系带来更大的不确定性。The EU’s human rights policy toward China,which began in the early 1990s,has gone through four periods.From 1990 to 1997,the European Union,which hoped to fashion its role as a“normative power,”began its human rights diplomacy toward China,by making human rights a key issue in its relations with China.A period of détente ensued from 1998 to 2006,due to the repeated failures of the EU’s draft resolutions against China at the UN Commission on Human Rights,the divergent interests among member states,and the EU’s strategic shift to engagement with China.From 2007 to 2016,human rights became once again emphasized as a result of pressure from human rights NGOs,the expansion of the European Parliament’s power,and the relative decline of the EU’s influence in the UN human rights regime given China’s deeper participation in the United Nations Human Rights Council.Since 2016,the EU has strategically adjusted its approach to engagement with China,which is defined as a“systemic rival,”and has intensified human rights diplomacy,expanding its policy tools for human rights diplomacy.Generally,the EU’s human rights diplomacy toward China has had a much more negative than positive impact on China-EU relations since it has politicized and ideologized human rights to achieve pragmatic objectives in domestic issues and foreign policy.At present,the EU is reinforcing its role as a human rights promoter by linking human rights to trade and high technology.At a time when talk of“de-risking”is gaining traction in its China policy,this is likely to introduce greater uncertainty in China-EU relations.

关 键 词：欧盟 欧盟外交 人权外交 规范性力量 中欧关系 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]