小尺度高寒湿地放牧干扰格局——以纳帕海湿地为例  

Disturbance pattern of grazing in fine⁃scale alpine wetland:a case study of Napahai,an internationally important wetland

作　　者：叶坤 李杰 杨璐遥 罗怀秀 赵旭燕 刘锋 陈志明 乔瑞婧 杜鹏博 伍凯 刘乐轩 YE Kun;LI Jie;YANG Luyao;LUO Huaixiu;ZHAO Xuyan;LIU Feng;CHEN Zhiming;QIAO Ruijing;DU Pengbo;WU Kai;LIU Lexuan(Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security,Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China;Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security,Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China;Digital China Research Institute,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350108,China;Yunnan Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning,Kunming 650051,China;Napahai Provincial Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau,Diqing 674400,China;School of Finance and Public Administration,Yunnan University of Finance and Economics,Kunming 650221,China)

机构地区：[1]云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院,昆明650091 [2]云南省国际河流与跨境生态安全重点实验室,昆明650091 [3]福州大学数字中国研究院,福州350108 [4]云南省林业调查规划院,昆明650051 [5]纳帕海省级自然保护区管护局,迪庆674400 [6]云南财经大学财政与公共管理学院,昆明650221

出　　处：《生态学报》2024年第9期3721-3735,共15页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41601060);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察项目(2019QZKK0502);云南省林业调查规划院青年科技支持项目(2022311025)。

摘　　要：高寒湿地放牧干扰强烈,是其生态系统退化的主因。湿地植被生物量空间格局不仅能够反映自然因素的作用,也能够体现地域放牧等人类活动的主要特征,因此常作为表征放牧干扰格局的主要度量方法。但尺度效应导致的植被生物量影响要素在不同空间尺度下存在较大差异,尤其是针对面积为几十至几百km^(2)范围的小尺度高寒湿地而言,自然因素和放牧等人为干扰对其植被地上生物量的共同作用特征仍不明确,缺乏针对该类型湿地的合理评估模式。以滇西北国际重要湿地纳帕海为例,在排除其它人为干扰的条件下,通过植被地上生物量的空间异质性特征来表征其放牧干扰格局,并以该案例为基础提出一种小尺度高寒湿地放牧干扰格局评估模式。研究尝试基于详细地面植被调查,获得潜在植被地上生物量,利用调查同时期高分定量遥感方法(法国PLEIADES卫星数据结合实测植被地上生物量建模)获得实际植被地上生物量,并使用潜在与实际植被地上生物量之差的空间异质性特征表示纳帕海湿地放牧干扰格局。该评估模式可以有效减少对于小尺度湿地放牧干扰数据的依赖,同时减少牛羊马等大牲畜散养带来的空间分布随机性。研究结果显示纳帕海湿地放牧干扰对湿地植被地上生物量的影响严重,影响比例约为93.5%。研究发现水文等自然因素和放牧等人为干扰分别决定纳帕海湿地植被地上生物量的上限和下限,并基于此提出四方面干扰调控策略。Alpine wetland has strong grazing disturbance,which is the main cause of ecosystem degradation.The spatial pattern of wetland vegetation biomass can not only reflect the role of natural factors,but also reflect the main characteristics of human activities such as regional grazing.So it is often used as the main measurement method to characterize the pattern of grazing disturbance.However,the factors affecting vegetation biomass caused by scale effect differ greatly at different spatial scales.Especially for fine⁃scale alpine wetlands with an area ranging from tens to hundreds of km^(2),the characteristics of the combined effects of natural factors and human disturbance such as grazing on the above⁃ground vegetation biomass are still unclear,and there is a lack of reasonable evaluation model for this type of wetland.This study took Napahai wetland,a Ramsar site in northwestern Yunnan,as an example,and characterized its grazing disturbance pattern through the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of above⁃ground vegetation biomass under the condition of excluding other human disturbances.We also proposed an evaluation model of grazing pattern in fine⁃scale alpine wetlands based on this case.The study attempted to obtain the aboveground biomass of potential vegetation based on a detailed ground vegetation survey and to obtain the actual aboveground biomass of vegetation by using a high⁃resolution quantitative remote sensing method(French PLEIADES satellite data combined with measured vegetation aboveground biomass modeling)during the same period of investigation.Then we used the spatial heterogeneity characteristic of the difference between potential and actual vegetation above⁃ground biomass to represent the Napahai wetland grazing disturbance patterns.The evaluation model can effectively reduce the dependence on fine⁃scale wetland grazing interference data,and reduce the randomness of spatial distribution caused by large livestock such as cattle,sheep,and horses.The results showed that the grazing di

关 键 词：小尺度湿地 放牧干扰格局 植被地上生物量 详细地面植被调查 高寒湿地 

分 类 号：X171.1[环境科学与工程—环境科学]