影响深远的时代转折Ⅱ孪生兄弟的生与死:苏联呼捷玛斯与德国包豪斯的相互影响及不同命运研究  

A Profound Turn of TimesⅡThe Life and Death of Twins:A Study of the Interaction and Different Fortunes of the Soviet Vkhutemas and the German Bauhaus

作　　者：韩林飞(文/图)[1,2] 刘岩(文/图) 张晨铭(文/图) HAN Linfei;LIU Yan;ZHANG Chenming(Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Architecture and Design)

机构地区：[1]北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院 [2]俄罗斯建筑与建设科学院

出　　处：《世界建筑导报》2024年第2期31-39,共9页World Architecture Review

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助,项目批准号:2022JBW1000。

摘　　要：1920-1933年苏联的呼捷玛斯(Vkhutemas)与1919-1932年德国的包豪斯(Bauhaus)是二十世纪初培养新一代设计师和建筑师的前卫创新学校,均是现代主义设计教育重要的起源地,通过自己对社会发展及时代变革的独特理解,为探索现代艺术新风格、现代艺术教育新理念及方法、艺术与工业的结合、艺术门类的互通等方面奠定了基础。两所学校相互促进、相互启发,虽彼此独立运作,但在创新意识上交相呼应,构建了社会主义苏联与资本主义德国在现代艺术教育领域相交的平行线。呼捷玛斯以培养适应新时代需求的目标为导向,成为世界现代建筑与艺术运动的一个重要中心,它与包豪斯的基础教学体系都在不断进行创新与探索,理论授课与实践训练在两所学校成为了共同的教育特色,其教学目标、教育体系、理论成果都有许多相似的印记,分析两所学校在教学思想和方法上的异同点是本文研究的重点。1930年代,呼捷玛斯与包豪斯双双被政治和强权所扼杀,但这对现代主义孪生兄弟却面临着截然不同的命运,呼捷玛斯在之后很长的一段时间里静默。本文分析了呼捷玛斯被漠视的原因,其与包豪斯对世界现代建筑思想的创立、对世界现代造型艺术教育的探索以及对现代建筑创作方面所作出的独特贡献。呼捷玛斯和包豪斯作为世界现代艺术起源的双中心,其先锋的思想与创造依然影响着世界现代艺术今天的发展。Vkhutemas(1920-1933)of the Soviet Union and Bauhaus(1919-1932)of Germany were avant-garde and innovative schools that trained a new generation of designers and architects at the beginning of the twentieth century,both of which were important origins of modernist design education.Through their own unique understandings of the development of society and the changes of the times,they laid the groundwork for exploring new styles of modern art,new concepts and methods of modern art education,the integration of art and industry,and the interoperability of art disciplines.The two schools were mutually reinforcing and inspiring,operating independently of each other but echoing each other in their sense of innovation,building a parallel between the socialist Soviet Union and capitalist Germany in the field of modern art education.Vkhutemas to cultivate the goal of adapting to the needs of the new era as a guide,become an important center of the world of modern architecture and art movement,it and the Bauhaus basic teaching system are constantly innovating and exploring,theoretical lectures and practical training in the two schools have become a common educational characteristics,its teaching goals,education system,theoretical achievements have many similar marks,analyze the two schools in the teaching ideology and methodology of similarities and differences is the study of this paper.In the 1930s,Vkhutemas and Bauhaus were both strangled by politics and power,but these modernist twins faced very different fates,with Vkhutemas being silent for a long time afterward.This paper analyzes the reasons for Vkhutemas'indifference,his unique contribution to the creation of the world's modern architectural thought with the Bauhaus,his exploration of the world's modern education in the plastic arts,and his contribution to the creative aspects of modern architecture.As the twin centers of the origins of world modern art,the pioneering ideas and creations of Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus still influence the development of world modern art

关 键 词：包豪斯 呼捷玛斯 构成主义 现代建筑与艺术教育 现代建筑 影响与借鉴 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]