试论中国古代国家的产生  

On the Emergence of the Nation in Ancient China

作　　者：高崇文[1] Gao Chongwen

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2024年第3期23-30,共8页The Central Plains Culture Research

摘　　要：中国古代国家是以一种礼制性的古代文明形态不断发展和完善的。新石器时代后期各地出现的最初国家,主要是神权与王权的结合,王权利用神权来行使领导权,使松散的原始氏族发展为有紧密联系的氏族部落联盟实体,由此逐渐形成了氏族部落联盟性质的“神权国家”。夏商周三代在原部落联盟性质的“神权国家”基础上,利用祭祀中出现的神权和祖权的权威性制定了礼仪制度,来维护社会秩序,整个国家便形成了以血缘关系为纽带、以宗法关系为准则、以礼仪制度为保障的强势宗族性质的“礼制国家”。从中国古代早期国家产生和发展的轨迹看,礼制文明是其连续不断的纽带,在此后的历代王朝中始终是意识形态领域的精神支柱,持续稳定地维护着全国大一统的政治格局,这也正是中国古代国家区别于世界其他国家的一个重要特征。The ancient nation of China was developed and perfected in the form of an ancient civilization of ritual.In the late Neolithic Age,the initial nation was mainly a combination of theocracy and kingship.Kingship exercised its leadership by using theocracy to develop loose primitive clans into closely connected clans and tribal alliance entities,thus gradually forming a“theocracy nation”with the nature of clan and tribal alliance.On the basis of the“theocracy nation”with the nature of the original tribal alliance,the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties made use of the authority of theocratic and ancestral rights that emerged in the sacrifice to formulate a ritual system to maintain the social order,and the whole country formed a“ritual nation”with strong clan nature and blood relationship as the bond,patriarchal relationship as the criterion and ritual system as the guarantee.From the point of view of the emergence and development of the early nation in ancient China,the ritual civilization is its continuous link,and it has always been the spiritual pillar in the ideological field in the subsequent dynasties,and continues to maintain the political pattern of the national unity,which is also an important feature of the ancient nation of China different from other countries in the world.

关 键 词：礼制文明 部落联盟 神权国家 礼制国家 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]