论唐宋之际的贡奉  

On the Tribute During Tang and Song Dynasties

作　　者：盛险峰[1] Sheng Xianfeng

机构地区：[1]安徽大学历史学院,安徽合肥230039

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2024年第3期76-86,共11页The Central Plains Culture Research

基　　金：安徽省哲学社会科学规划重大项目“中华民族交往交流交融史资料汇编·安徽卷”(AHSHZD2023D01)。

摘　　要：唐代中期出现具有赋税性质的进奉,贡奉之弊由此而生,这一现象反映了唐宋之际君臣关系及中央与地方关系。五代承唐末藩镇割据之余绪,尽管朝廷致力于藩镇州县化,但实际上地方与中央财政关系仍然遗留藩镇特征。以后梁时期“四镇”、魏博、镇、定来看五代财政中央集权路径:朱温据有“四镇”,易代后直接州县化,属易代型;魏博依附朱温,通过集权和武力手段州县化,为依附型;镇、定是以武力征服州县化的,属贡献型。以上州县化路径不同,大体反映出五代财政中央集权的基本情形。而五代藩镇州县化形成了上供和贡奉互济的中央财政模式,加强了中央集权,但同时也遗留下不同程度的藩镇性,这表明五代并没有解决唐末遗留的历史问题。宋初成功地革除贡奉之弊,走出唐末五代历史的“逆向”,重建中央集权,开辟了一个新的王朝时代。In the mid Tang dynasty,there were tribute with tax characteristics,which led to the drawbacks of tribute.This phenomenon reflects the relationship between monarchs and officials,as well as the relationship between the central and local governments during the Tang and Song dynasties.The Five Dynasties inherited the residual effect of the separation of prefectures at the end of the Tang dynasty.Despite the court’s efforts to transform the military governance region into prefecture and county,the actual relationship between local and central finance still retained the characteristics of military governance region.The“Four Towns”,Weibo,and Zhending in the Later Liang dynasty showed different path of centralization of finance in the Five dynasties period:Zhu Wen held the“Four Towns”and after dynasty replace,it was directly transformed into prefecture and county,belonging to the dynasty replace type;Weibo relied on Zhu Wen and adopted centralization and military force to transform the state into prefecture and county,it was a dependent type;Zhending achieved prefecture and county transformation through military conquest,belonging to contribution type.The different paths of the prefectures and county above generally reflect the basic situation of financial centralization in the Five Dynasties.During the Five Dynasties period,the transformation of military governance region into prefecture and county formed a central financial model of mutual aid between offerings and tribute.These strengthened centralization while left behind varying degrees of military governance region characteristics,indicating that the Five Dynasties period did not solve the historical problems left by the end of the Tang dynasty.The early Song dynasty effectively overcame the drawbacks of tribute,breaking away from the“reverse”of the history of the late Tang and Five dynasties,rebuilding centralization,and opening up a new era of dynasties.

关 键 词：唐宋之际 贡奉 上供 藩镇州县化 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学] K243[历史地理—中国史] K244