重释马克思辩证法的“批判”本质  

Reinterpreting the“Critical”Nature of Marx's Dialectics

作　　者：刘同舫[1,2] Liu Tongfang

机构地区：[1]浙江大学马克思主义学院,杭州310058 [2]浙江大学马克思主义理论创新与传播研究中心,杭州310058

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期5-13,204,共10页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：马克思在论述辩证法的“合理形态”时明确指出,辩证法在本质上是“批判的和革命的”。然而,关于“批判”本质的本体论根基、理论指向以及在现实运用中的表现形式,学界还尚未达成共识。在特定的叙述语境中,马克思论述了“社会存在”为辩证法的“批判”功能发挥本质性作用奠定根基,使得辩证法的批判性在社会存在的本体论根基上获证自身的本质地位;马克思在深入社会历史总体以揭示资本主义生成逻辑的过程中,呈现了辩证法“批判”本质的理论指向在于历史总体的批判性思维;在政治经济学批判的现实运用中,马克思揭露了劳动与资本之间的本质对立,并在审视人与人之间差异性统一关系中形成了应然批判的现实运用方式。只有回到马克思的“批判”理论与实践语境中,才能获得对辩证法“批判”本质的充分理解。When discussing the“rational form”of dialectics,Marx showed that his own dialectics was fundamentally different from Hegel's and made it clear that dialectics was essentially“critical and revolutionary”.The difference between the“criticism”of Marx's dialectics and the“negation”of Hegel's dialectics is not only reflected in Marx's exploration of the theoretical characteristics,that is,self-promotion and self-creation,of dialectics,but also in his grasp of the necessity of its thorough implementation in the“special logic”of dissecting the“special objects”of capitalist society.The ontological foundation,theoretical orientation and the form of expression in practical application of dialectics elaborated by Marx have not yet reached a consensus in the academic circle.In the specific narrative context,Marx not only emphasized that“criticism”implies opposition to“transitory”and“non-worship”attitude,but also fully affirmed the positive value of all revolutionary paths that mercilessly criticize,and strived to ontologically criticize from the source the actions of the bourgeoisie that provide theoretical support for the capitalist production process through the dialectics of rational speculation,in order to confirm that dialectic criticism on the basis of the ontological foundation of social existence gains its own essential status.In the process of penetrating into the social historical totality to reveal the generative logic of capitalism,Marx presented the critical thinking that the“critical”nature of dialectics pointed to the historical totality.In his criticism of capitalist commodity society,he answered the question of how history moves forward after alienation and revealed dialectics as a specific form of internal criticism of society.It shows that history divides into different stages of development in the dialectical movement,and the theoretical mode of criticizing capitalist society will also be constructed historically.In the practical application of criticism of politica

关 键 词：马克思 辩证法 “批判”本质 批判实践 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]