中国早期文明中的史官监督机制  

The Supervision Mechanism of Official Historians in Early Chinese Civilization

作　　者：李凯[1] Li Kai

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《中华文化论坛》2024年第2期54-65,共12页Journal of Chinese Culture

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项“历史视野下中国古代各族群交往交流交融资料的搜集整理与研究”(项目编号:SKRD202303805);北京师范大学历史学院“青年教师发展资助项目”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国早期文明存在史官对君主和贵族的监督机制。商代史官掌管文献资料,为祭祀活动提供历史依据,参与行政与军务,能从神秘的角度约束君主的行为,是很重要的政治势力,但监督措施还比较原始粗陋。周代史官执行“君举必书”的制度,其规谏更为活跃,他们汇总周代遗文典故,为贵族现实生活提供经验和箴诲。春秋史官的“赴告”和“示于朝”,能够在当时形成巨大的国内外舆论,对各国贵族来说是一种强有力的监督。中国早期文明的特定社会背景催生了史官的监督机制,给后代留下了制度文化遗产。Early Chinese civilization had a mechanism of which official historians supervised over monarchs and nobles.During the Shang Dynasty,official historians were in charge of literature.They provided historical basis for sacrificial activities,participated in administrative and military affairs.They were able to constrain monarchs'behavior from a mysterious perspective,which made them become an important political force,though their supervisory measures were still relatively primitive and crude.During the Zhou Dynasty,official historians implemented the regulation of"the behaviors of monarchs must be written down(jun ju bi shu;君举必书)"and their admonitory activities were more frequent and active.They collected the historical literature and allusions of the Zhou Dynasty,provided experience and guidance for aristocratic life.In the Spring and Autumn period,there were two regulations,"reporting(fu gao;赴告)"and"presenting to the court(shi yu chao;示于朝)",which could form a huge domestic and foreign public opinion and realized a strong supervision for the nobles.The specific social background of early Chinese civilization gave birth to the supervision of official historians,which has left institutional cultural heritage to later generations.

关 键 词：早期文明 史官 监督机制 商周 卜辞 

分 类 号：D691.4[政治法律—政治学] K22[政治法律—中外政治制度]