语言学研究中论元结构的特异性与其构式形式的表层归纳性——以英汉语料为例论词汇语义与句法表征之间的映射关系  

Idiosyncracies of argument structure and surface generalizations of argument structure constructions(ASCs):Discussions on the mapping relationship between lexical semantics andsyntactic representations on the basis of English and Chinese data

作　　者：马志刚[1] 洪霞 MA Zhigang;HONG Xia(Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,Guangzhou 510420,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]广东外语外贸大学

出　　处：《外国语言文学》2024年第1期11-27,99,133,F0003,共20页Foreign Language and Literature Studies

基　　金：广东省社科规划2024年常规一般项目“屈折形式融合的理论构建与粤-汉-英时体系统的对比研究”(GD24CWY15);广东省哲学社会科学规划项目“基于形态索引的二语派生词高效教学模式研究”(GD24CWY07)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：语言习得观迥异的生成语言学和构式语言学从不同视角定义论元结构和语法机制。生成语言学认为,论元结构是核心动词的概念语义映射到句法结构的程序性操作,因此把儿童语言习得视为迅捷、统一的普遍性参数设置过程,同时把句子的产出和理解视为抽象范畴基于算式的组装过程。而构式语言学认为,论元结构属于形式-意义或功能的构式配对体,其无从预测的独立语义是构式间的区别性特征。基于对英汉语中相关语料的综述和简析,文章认为,语言学研究中论元结构的特异性和独立性都说明,自然语言内在的结构属性和参与语言习得过程的外在认知因素都可作为探究语言因何有如此的研究视角的原因,进而以内外结合的方式揭示出自然语言的本质性特征:语法机制以结构依存关系为基础,同时借助于语料的持续性输入抽象出以成分(constituency)为基本单位的语法表征。Generative Linguistics and Construction Linguistics,with diagonal views on language acquisition,define argument structure and grammatical mechanisms from different perspectives.In Generative Linguistics,argument structure reflects the procedural operation of mapping lexical semantics onto syntactic structures,and language acquisition is viewed as a rapid process of parameter setting in a uniform way.Thus,the production and comprehension of sentences are considered to be an algorithmic assembly of abstract categories.In contrast,Construction Linguistics treats argument structure as pairings of form-meaning/function mapping with independent meaning of their own and it is such unpredictable meaning encoded with structural patterns that differentiates various constructions.By way of comparing linguistic data in Chinese and English,this article claims that the idiosyncracies and independencies of argument structures both serve well to demonstrate the potential of combining inherent properties with structures and external factors of cognitive mechanisms,thereby facilitating the exploration of the nature of natural languages:grammatical mechanisms are operative on the basis of structural dependency;with recourse to continuous input which are conducive to abstracting grammatical representations,grammatical mechanisms take constituency as their basic units.Or rather,grammar,with constituency as its basis unit,emerges in the process of analyzing linguistic data.

关 键 词：论元结构 构式 语法表征 表层归纳 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]