论绑架罪的基本构造  

Basic Structure of the Crime of Kidnapping

作　　者：李世阳[1] Li Shiyang

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（刑事法学）》2023年第11期66-81,共16页criminal law

摘　　要：绑架是以人质的人身安全为筹码向第三人换取相应对价的行为,在构造上与抢劫罪相似,但绑架行为同时压制了人质与第三人的意志自由,迫使第三人接受人质与对价的交换关系,因此绑架罪的法定刑远超抢劫罪。要成立绑架罪,行为人对人质人身安全的控制力应足以发动第三人对人质的救助义务。在以财物为对价的绑架中,第三人与人质的人际关系及实际担忧状况决定了第三人受强制的程度。当第三人意志自由并未被完全压制,掳人勒赎行为可能仅成立敲诈勒索罪,甚至仅单独评价对人质的侵害行为;在以安全为对价的绑架中,不论是为抗拒公民扭送还是警察抓捕而劫持人质,原则上成立绑架罪;在以感情为对价的绑架中,通过自救行为的法理适用,应将索要或挽回感情的欲求排除在不法目的之外,原则上否定绑架罪的成立。Kidnapping is an act in which the perpetrator takes the personal safety of the hostage as a bargaining chip to exchange for a corresponding consideration from a third person.In terms of construction,it is similar to the crime of robbery.The act of kidnapping,however,suppresses the free will of both the hostage and the third person simultaneously,making it inevitable for the third person to establish an exchange relationship between the hostage and the consideration.Therefore,the legal punishment for kidnapping far exceeds that for robbery.The establishment of the offence of kidnapping requires that the perpetrator\s control over the physical safety of the hostage should be sufficient to motivate the third person to implement the obligation to rescue the hostage.In the case of kidnapping for financial consideration,the interpersonal relationship between the third person and the hostage and the real apprehension determine the extent of the coercion to which the third person is subjected.When the third person\s free will is not completely suppressed,the act of kidnapping for ransom may only constitute the crime of extortion,or even be convicted only as a separate offence against the hostage.In the case of kidnapping for personal security,the crime of kidnapping is established in principle,regardless of whether the hostagetaking is aimed to resist a citizen's arrest or a capture by the police.In the case of kidnapping for consideration of affection,through the application of the legal theory of the self-help behavior,the desire to claim or redeem affection should be excluded from the illegal purpose,and the establishment of the crime of kidnapping is then negated in principle.

关 键 词：绑架 抢劫 强要 救助义务 自救行为 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]