海洋生态环境损害政府索赔的挑战与因应  

Challenges and Solutions of the Government Claim System for Marine Ecological Environment Damage

作　　者：彭中遥 PENG Zhongyao

机构地区：[1]湖南大学法学院

出　　处：《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期55-69,共15页Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“新时代生态文明建设目标评价考核制度优化研究”(22&ZD138)。

摘　　要：在建设海洋强国的时代背景下,如何充分填补、有效救济海洋生态环境损害已然成为一个重要的法治命题。检视相关规范文本与法治实践不难发现,当前我国业已建立起以政府索赔为主导的海洋生态环境损害救济制度,但其在运行中却存在法理基础不清、法律定性不明等理论质疑,同时面临政府行权模式分散、索赔权与监管权“重叠”“冲突”、多元主体缺乏必要联动等实践困局。鉴于海洋生态环境的整体性、共享性及公共性特质,海洋生态环境损害政府索赔的理论基础应回归公法框架寻求合理解说,据此可将其定性为“公法性质、私法操作”的公权行使之新样态。就其规范进路而言,我国应结合国家机构改革之发展趋向,以新一轮《海洋环境保护法》之施行为契机,在海洋环境保护领域设置“分散式监管+集中式索赔”的权限运行模式,明确“行政监管优先、索赔诉讼补充”的行权规则,并实现政府部门、检察机关及环保组织等多元索赔主体之间的有效联动。Given the holistic,shared,and public nature of the marine ecological environment,the theoretical basis for government claims for damage to the marine ecological environment should return to the framework of public law to seek a reasonable explanation.Based on this,it can be classified as a new form of the exercise of public rights with “public law nature and private law operation”.In terms of its regulatory approach,China should combine the development trend of national institutional reform and take the opportunity of the implementation of the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law in2023to establish a “decentralized supervision+centralized claims” authority operation mode in the field of marine environmental protection,clarify the exercise rules of “priority of administrative supervision,supplemented by compensation litigation”,and achieve effective linkages among multiple claim subjects such as government departments,procuratorial organs,and environmental organizations.It must be acknowledged that in recent years,the establishment and development of China's relief mechanism for marine ecological environment damage led by government claims have improved the effectiveness of national marine environmental governance.However,it should also be recognized that this new mechanism of “public law nature and private law operation” is not the best solution for China's marine environmental public welfare maintenance.In fact,whether it is a marine ecological environment damage compensation lawsuit filed by government departments,or a marine environment civil public interest lawsuit filed by procuratorial organs or environmental organizations,they are all manifestations of marine environmental justice.For marine environmental protection,justice is only one link and component.Compared to administrative supervision,the efficiency of judicial relief is relatively lower.China's marine ecological environment damage relief work should prioritize relying on more efficient and flexible administrative regulatory

关 键 词：海洋强国 生态环境损害政府索赔 公法性质 现代环境治理体系 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学] X197[环境科学与工程—环境科学]